<p>The Tutaekuri River flows through the Hawke&#39;s Bay Region of the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows east from the Kaweka Range, reaching the Pacific Ocean just to the south of Napier and Taradale, where the Ngaruroro and Clive Rivers join it.</p><br>
<p>Starting roughly 50 kilometers north east of Taihape, the Tutaekuri River flows for a distance of 99.9 kilometers.</p><br>
<p>Ngāti Paarau, which is the local hapū (sub-tribe) are said to have disposed of their waste food in this river. Tribes such as Ngāti Pahauwera travelled to this river to share food and trade.</p><br>
<h2>Redirection</h2><br>
<p>Up until 1931, the lowest part of the Tutaekuri River flowed north, following its original channel (the location of present-day Taradale) and into Ahuriri Harbour. In the 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake, the land underneath Ahuriri Harbour was drastically raised. The river was forced to seek an alternative route and started to back up, and so the residents of Hawkes Bay dug out a new, alternate path connecting it to the Ngaruroro River, into which it still flows today.</p><br>
<p>Bare Island, also known as Motu-O-Kura , is a small island located in the Pacific Ocean in the southern Hawke&#39;s Bay on the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It is located 2 km off the North island coast, near Waimarama, 25 km south of Cape Kidnappers.</p><br>
<p>On the south-west side of the island, there is an aquifer exuding fresh water (called Nga Puhake-o-te-ora or "the burp of life"). From the shore Motuokura is bare, but from the seaward side, there is enough cover to provide resting sites for blue penguins and sooty shearwaters.</p><br>
<p>When Jules Dumont d&#39;Urville sailed past in 1827 he reported houses and boats on the seaward side.</p><br>
<h2>The legend of Motu-O-Kura</h2><br>
<p>According to Māori legend, the island is named after a woman named Kura. Kura, during times of siege, would dive down to obtain fresh water from the aquifer on the island.</p><br>
<p>Real Academia de la Historia  is a Spanish institution based in Madrid that studies history "ancient and modern, political, civil, ecclesiastical, military, scientific, of letters and arts, that is to say, the different branches of life, of civilisation, and of the culture of the Spanish people".</p><br>
<p>The Academy was established in 1738.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Since 1836 the Academy has occupied an 18th-century building designed by the neoclassical architect Juan de Villanueva. The building was originally occupied by the Hieronymites, a religious order. It become available as a result of legislation in the 1830s confiscating monastic properties (the ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal).</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>As formerly the main Spanish institution for antiquaries, the Academy retains significant libraries and collections of antiquities, which cannot be seen by the public. The keeper of antiquities is the prehistorian Martín Almagro Gorbea.</p><br>
<p>Items held include:</p><br>
<p>The Glosas Emilianenses</p><br>
<p>The Roda Codex</p><br>
<p>The San Millán Beatus</p><br>
<p>The Missorium of Theodosius I, a large ceremonial silver dish, probably made in Constantinople for the tenth anniversary (decennalia) in 388 of the reign of the Emperor Theodosius I, the last Emperor to rule both the Eastern and Western Empires. It is one of the best surviving examples of Late Antique Imperial imagery and one of finest examples of late Roman goldsmith work.</p><br>
<h2>Criticism</h2><br>
<p>Some Spanish historians have considered it an obsolete misogynist institution, that still considers history as a matter of kings and battles.</p><br>
<p>However, the image has changed since Carmen Iglesias, the first woman director, took over from Gonzalo Anes.</p><br>
<h2>Biographical work</h2><br>
<h3>Biographical dictionary</h3><br>
<p>In 2011 the Academy published the first 20 volumes of a dictionary of national biography, the Diccionario Biográfico Español, to which some five thousand historians contributed. The publicly funded publication has been subject of controversy for failing to achieve the standards of objectivity associated with, for example, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The British Dictionary restricted itself to persons who were deceased, and the historian Henry Kamen has argued that it was a mistake for its Spanish equivalent to include living figures among entries. However, while there was criticism of entries for some living people (such as the politician Esperanza Aguirre), the main allegations of bias concern articles relating to Francoist Spain. A notable example is the entry on Francisco Franco, written by Luis Suárez Fernández, in which Franco is defined as an autocratic head of state rather than a dictator.</p><br>
<p>The dictionary sparked an outcry. Most objections came from voices on the left such as the party United Left and the newspaper Público. For his part, Green party senator Joan Saura asked for publication of the dictionary to be stopped and the offending volumes withdrawn. There was also a call for corrections from the Ministry of Education. The Academy announced in June 2011 that amendments would be made to the text on line and in future paper editions. In 2012, when the Minister of Education, Culture and Sport, made a statement on the subject of the dictionary, it was still not clear whether the Academy was willing to describe Franco as a dictator. However, by 2015 with Carmen Iglesias as director, the situation had changed.</p><br>
<h3>Metro collaboration</h3><br>
<p>In 2015 the Academy entered into an initiative in collaboration with Metro de Madrid to provide information about people who have given their names to metro stations.</p><br>
<h2>Members</h2><br>
<p>The Real Academia de la Historia is composed of 36 members, with Academic Correspondents covering all the provinces of Spain and the rest of the world, taking the actual number to 370 (2006). The Director since 2014 has been Carmen Iglesias.</p><br>
<p>The members of the Academy are (after the number of chair):</p><br>
<p>Vicente Pérez Moreda</p><br>
<p>Hugo O&#39;Donnell y Duque de Estrada</p><br>
<p>Francisco Rodríguez Adrados</p><br>
<p>Luis Suárez Fernández</p><br>
<p>Feliciano Barrios Pintado</p><br>
<p>Vacant</p><br>
<p>Josefina Gómez Mendoza</p><br>
<p>José Remesal Rodríguez</p><br>
<p>María del Pilar León-Castro Alonso</p><br>
<p>Luis Miguel Enciso Recio</p><br>
<p>Martín Almagro Gorbea</p><br>
<p>Carlos Seco Serrano</p><br>
<p>Vacant</p><br>
<p>Francisco Javier Puerto Sarmiento</p><br>
<p>Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa</p><br>
<p>Antonio Cañizares Llovera</p><br>
<p>José Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de Llano</p><br>
<p>José Antonio Escudero López</p><br>
<p>Luis Antonio Ribot García</p><br>
<p>Fernando Díaz Esteban</p><br>
<p>José Ángel Sesma Muñoz</p><br>
<p>Enriqueta Vila Vilar</p><br>
<p>María del Carmen Iglesias Cano</p><br>
<p>Fernando Marías Franco</p><br>
<p>Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada</p><br>
<p>Serafín Fanjul García</p><br>
<p>Miguel Ángel Ochoa Brun</p><br>
<p>Luis Alberto de Cuenca y Prado</p><br>
<p>José Luis Díez García</p><br>
<p>Carmen Sanz Ayán</p><br>
<p>Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués</p><br>
<p>Carlos Martínez Shaw</p><br>
<p>María Jesús Viguera Molins</p><br>
<p>Miguel Artola Gallego</p><br>
<p>Xavier Gil Puyol</p><br>
<p>Luis Agustín García Moreno</p><br>
<h2>Academic Correspondents</h2><br>
<p>Notable Academic Correspondents of the Academy include:</p><br>
<p>Sir Raymond Carr (1919-2015)</p><br>
<p>Lauwersmeer is a man-made lake in the north of the Netherlands, on the border of the provinces of Groningen and Friesland. The lake was formed on 23 May 1969, when the dike between the bay called Lauwers Sea and the Wadden Sea was closed. It is noted for birdwatching.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern shores of the Lauwersmeer is the Marnewaard, an exercise area of the Royal Netherlands Army. The central and eastern parts of the lake became Lauwersmeer National Park on 12 November 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lauwers Sea (in Dutch: Lauwerszee) was formed by a flood in 1280,Buisman, Jan, Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen (Deel 1: tot 1300),</p><br>
<p>and named after the river Lauwers, which flows along the border between the provinces of Groningen and Friesland. During the flood the mouth of the river Lauwers disappeared, and its tributaries the Reitdiep, the Dokkumerdiep, and the Ee flowed directly into the new bay. Many plans were made after this disaster to shut it off from the sea but none was ever put into effect. However, parts of it were empoldered piecemeal, slowly reducing it from a large two-forked estuary to the nearly square inlet seen on recent maps.</p><br>
<p>The first serious plans for draining the Lauwers Sea were from 1849. In the 1930s a commission came up with several plans but all were shelved and were never accomplished.</p><br>
<p>The flood disaster of 1953 and the Christmas flood of 1954</p><br>
<p>made clear that something had to be done. In 1958 the New Delta Law</p><br>
<p>ordered a reinforcement of the dikes in the north of the Netherlands. At the Lauwers Sea there were two options, to reinforce the existing dikes around the Lauwers Sea (32 km of dikes) or to make a 13 km dam separating the Lauwers Sea and the Wadden Sea. After a study found that the 13 km dike plan was more expensive than the 32 km plan, the government decided on the cheaper option.</p><br>
<p>The people living in the area resisted and a committee was formed (actiecomité "Lauwerszee"). They collected 135,000 signatures</p><br>
<p>of people who wanted to close the Lauwers Sea. In Leeuwarden a large gathering was organised to show the government that local people did not agree with the decision. On June 10, 1960 Kabinet-De Quay decided to enclose the Lauwers Sea,</p><br>
<p>agreeing to share the cost with the Provinces of Groningen and Friesland, which also agreed to maintain the dike upon completion.</p><br>
<p>The 13-kilometer-long dike has sluices and a canal lock. A new harbour called Lauwersoog was built part-way along the dike. Final enclosure and separation from the Wadden Sea took place on 25 May 1969</p><br>
<p>since then it has been called the Lauwersmeer.</p><br>
<p>New flora and fauna appeared as the Lauwerszee gradually became a freshwater lake, and to protect this new and young nature area, it was decided (12 November 2003) to designate the Lauwersmeer as a national park.</p><br>
<p>The ferry to Schiermonnikoog that had previously left from Oostmahorn now leaves from Lauwersoog.</p><br>
<p>There is a lack of agreement about whether to spell the former name as "Lauwersee" or "Lauwerszee". Some older maps show it as "Lauwerzee".</p><br>
<p>The Baie de Quiberon is an area of sheltered water on the south coast of Brittany. The bay is in the Morbihan département.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bay is roughly triangular in shape, open to the south with the Gulf of Morbihan to the north-east and the narrow peninsula of Presquîle de Quiberon providing protection from the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The islands of Belle-Île, Houat and Hœdic add to the bays protection. There are many dangerous shoals at the entrance to the bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay has seen several important naval battles. The first recorded in history was the Battle of Morbihan in 56 BCE, between the Romans led by Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus and the local Veneti tribe. The Romans had struggled to overcome the Veneti, who had coastal fortresses that could easily be evacuated by their powerful navy. Eventually the Romans built galleys and met the Veneti sailing fleet in Quiberon Bay. Despite being outnumbered 220 to 100 by a fleet of heavier ships, the Romans used hooks on long poles to shred the halyards holding up the leather sails of the Veneti, leaving the Veneti fleet dead in the water and easily overcome.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759 was one of Britains greatest naval victories over the French. The British Admiral Sir Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught up with a French fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans seeking to embark an army at Quiberon for landings in Scotland. After hard fighting, most of the French fleet were sunk, captured or forced aground. The battle was a turning point in the Seven Years War which foiled a planned invasion of Britain and broke the power of the French Navy for a generation.</p><br>
<p>In 1795, the bay was the scene of an invasion by émigré, counter-revolutionary troops in support of the Chouannerie and Vendée Revolt from 23 June. It aimed to raise the whole of western France in revolt, bring an end to the French Revolution and restore the French monarchy. This landing of the émigrés at Quiberon was finally repulsed on 21 July, dealing a disastrous blow to the royalist cause.</p><br>
<p>In World War II, the Allies planned to construct an artificial harbour in the bay to support the breakout from the Normandy beaches. Operation Chastity was never implemented because by the time the Allies had seized the Quiberon area, they had also captured Antwerp, a major port that was much closer to the front lines.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century, Nicolas Appert, a chemist, tuned a technique that permitted the sterilization of food. Thanks to this process, Quiberon became the leading harbour for sardine fishing and the production of canned sardines in France.</p><br>
<p>The area has since become a tourist destination popular for yachting, with marinas at Port Haliguen, Le Crouesty and La Trinité-sur-Mer.</p><br>
<p>Tristan Island or the &#39;Île Tristan&#39; is located at the mouth of the Pouldavid Estuary off the French port of Douarnenez in south-western Brittany. It is only about 450 m long and 250 m wide but despite its small size, it has a rich history. It is closely associated with Breton legends and the lost island of Ys. In the Middle Ages a priory was built there and the island was inhabited through much of the 20th century. In the 19th century, it became famous as the site of the first canning factory for sardines fished in the Bay of Douarnenez, the beginning of the sardine industry which was important for this region.</p><br>
<p>Now uninhabited, the island has become part of the national Parc naturel marin d&#39;Iroise (Marine Park) established in 2007. It is accessible to tourists only once or twice a year, or by special arrangement with the local tourist office. At low tide, the island is connected to the mainland on the Douarnenez (or eastern) side of the estuary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tristan bears traces of civilization dating back to the Bronze Age. The written history of the island begins around 1118 when, according to a charter dated 1126, Robert de Locuvan, bishop of Cornouaille, donated the Island of St Tutuarn and the lands belonging to it to the Abbey of Marmoutier. As a result, a priory was built on the island. Douarnenez is Breton for the land of the island, as the priory that owned the site on which the town was later built. In the 14th century, the island became known as Tristan, after the Breton legend of Tristan and Iseult.</p><br>
<p>One of the most colourful figures associated with Tristan was Guy Éder de la Fontenelle, a rebel-bandit who took possession of the island in 1595. He stationed his garrison of some 700 soldiers there, and proceeded to plunder most of the surrounding towns and villages.</p><br>
<p>After the island was acquired by Gustave le Guillou de Penanros in 1854, Vauban constructed several defensive buildings. In the southern part of the island, La Planche built a sardine press. Le Guillou de Penanros developed the harbour and the sardine processing plant on the island, the first of its kind. The sardine industry developed as Douarnenez&#39; principal economic activity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1911, the island was purchased by Jacques Richepin, an author and playwright. He built the rotunda and the Chapelle des Aviateurs commemorating the first transatlantic flight from Europe to the United States by Dieudonné Costes and Maurice Bellonte in September 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the island was bought by Conservatoire du Littoral. It has carried out restoration work on the buildings and maintained the paths and gardens. The island is now maintained as part of the national Parc naturel marin d&#39;Iroise (Marine Park) established in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The small island has rocky coasts and sea cliffs. From its years of habitation, an orchard, and a tropical garden were cultivated and are still maintained. Several footpaths reveal stunning views of the Bay, as well as Tréboul and Port Rhu on the mainland. At the northern end of the island, a lighthouse and the ruins of an old fort can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>Rabbits and lizards abound on the island, as do a wide variety of seabirds, especially cormorants, guillemots and herons. The vegetation is particularly rich in magnolias, medlars and quince trees. Cedars, oak and apple trees have been planted, as well as exotic varieties of bamboo, myrtle and mimosa. A large orchard is located in the southern part of the island, in addition to a tropical garden with a giant bamboo plantation, magnolia and fuchsia.</p><br>
<h2>Offices for the Marine Park</h2><br>
<p>The recently renovated canning factory is now used as offices for staff working for the national Iroise Marine Park or Parc naturel marin d&#39;Iroise created in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Pangil River , also known as the Bambang Hari River, is a river system that runs through Pangil, Laguna in the Philippines. It is one of 21 River tributaries of Laguna de Bay and is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority through one of its 15 river monitoring stations.</p><br>
<p>The Pangil River sub-basin has a drainage area of 51.14 square kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>How it got named Bambang Hari</h2><br>
<p>Part of the river is referred to as the Bambang Hari - which, when translated, means "riverbank of the king" - because in the mid-18th century, King Carlos III of Spain visited Pangil when he was still a prince, and it was said that he used to frequent river often.</p><br>
<p>When he was crowned king, he sent the images of the Santo Niño de la O and the Birhen de la O to Pangil in gratitude. the Birhen de la O, which shows a pregnant Virgin Mary, is believed to be miraculous.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>In the latest (December 2005) Water Quality Status Report listed on the Laguna Lake Development Authority&#39;s site, the Pangil River was listed as "Worse than Class D."</p><br>
<p>It also indicated that this status had been "maintained" since the river was last monitored.</p><br>
<p>According to the Water Usage & Classification for Fresh Water system used by the Philippines&#39; Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Class D Quality freshwater is suitable for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply class II. "Worse than Class D" implies that the Pangil River is not suitable for any of those functions.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) researcher DA Vaughan documented six populations of Oryza minuta Presl. - a wild rice species known to be resistant to bacterial blight, bacterial blast, green planthopper, and brown planthopper - along a stream which is a tributary of the Pangil river.</p><br>
<p>A 2004 survey noted with alarm that all the populations were gone. The report attributed the disappearance of the rare and useful species of rice to human activities, particularly "livestock raising, farming, and road construction, which destroy the natural vegetation within the vicinity."</p><br>
<p>Scientists have noted that further studies are needed to prevent the local extinction of this species.</p><br>
<p>Ewood Aqueduct is a high embankment carrying the Leeds and Liverpool Canal over the River Darwen and the B6447 road near Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Built of sandstone in the early 19th century, it is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1789 Robert Whitworth varied the route of the unfinished part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, by building a new tunnel at Foulridge which lowered the summit level by 40 feet. He chose a more southerly route in Lancashire. This resulted in an Act of Parliament in 1790 which allowed further fund-raising for the completion. In 1794 another Act was granted authorising another change of route and yet more fund-raising. The new Foulridge Tunnel was proving difficult and expensive to dig, when it opened in 1796 it was 1,640 yards (1,500 m) long. This new route took the canal south via Burnley and Blackburn which was reached in 1810. This new route for this section of the canal meant it was now running parallel with and then crossing the isolated southern end of the Lancaster Canal. Common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal connected with the Lancaster Canal between Wigan and Johnson&#39;s Hillock. The main line of the canal was thus completed in 1816.</p><br>
<p>Steven&#39;s Eyot  is a narrow ait  in the River Thames in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, London, England, on the non-tidal reach above Teddington Lock.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Stevens Eyot is 660 m below Kingston Railway Bridge and its southern tip is opposite the north of the boating area of Kingston Rowing Club shared by Tiffin School Boat Club on the east, Surrey, bank in Canbury Gardens. On the west, Middlesex, bank are the houses, meadows, apartments and three boathouses of Broom Park, Teddington. A very much smaller eyot to its north leads the Ordnance Survey to record the island as a pair, "Stevens Eyots".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ordnance Survey map of 1875 shows that the eyot previously comprised four islets and on the map of 1896 it is marked as Tathim&#39;s island. The present name derives from a boatman who lived in a nearby cottage situated in what became Canbury Gardens. The present name was in use on the 1913 Ordnance Survey map. The island now forms part of a conservation area.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>River traffic is directed to the Middlesex side because of posts and mooring on the Surrey side (east here). The island is the base of the Small Boat Club (SBC), a not-for-profit motorboats club formed in 1953 run by the members for the members, using its carved out basin in the north and reinforced moorings on all sides. The SBC has leased the island from the Thames Conservancy (now the Environment Agency) since 1960, giving only Small Boat Club members the right to permanent mooring on the island. Kingston Council granted the SBC permission to erect and have exclusive rights a jetty on the Surrey bank towpath, operational since May 1984.</p><br>
<p>Esther Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. The mountain is the northernmost of the High Peaks of the Adirondack Mountains and its 28th highest peak. It was the only High Peak named for a woman until 2014, having been named in honor of Esther McComb, who made the first recorded climb to the summit in 1839, at age 15; at the time she was attempting to climb Whiteface Mountain from the north .</p><br>
<p>Esther Mountain stands within the watershed of Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Esther Mtn. drains into White Brook, thence into the West Branch of the Ausable River, which drains into Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The southwest and north sides of Esther Mountain drain into Frenchs Brook, thence into the Saranac River, and into Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The Whiteface Mountain Memorial Highway, which was opened in 1935, traverses the north and west sides of Esther on the way to the summit of Whiteface.</p><br>
<p>Tagg&#39;s Island is an island in the River Thames in London, England on the reach above Molesey Lock and just above Ash Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The centre of the island has a lake with river access and private moorings surrounded by trees and crossed by a small footbridge.</p><br>
<p>Although it is close to the Surrey bank near East Molesey, Surrey, it is connected to the slightly further Middlesex bank by a long single track road bridge and is within the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its post town is Hampton (TW12). Houses are not permitted to be built on the island and it is surrounded by houseboats who, in acquiring their mooring land, have the right to belong to the islands residents association, which owns the island. Some of the Thames&#39;s most expensive houseboats are on this stretch of the Thames, known as the Thames Riviera, and are arranged over up to three storeys.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island had previous names including Walnut Tree Ait and was a site for the growing of osiers used for basket making. Its modern name comes from the boat builder Thomas Tagg, who hired out boats on the island from 1841. In 1872 he built the Thames Hotel on the island. It became a venue frequented by London&#39;s high society including Edward, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the impresario Fred Karno, who discovered Charlie Chaplin, purchased the island and rebuilt the hotel. He</p><br>
<p>employed the noted theatre architect Frank Matcham to include a music hall called The Karsino. The island became a popular resort which included, in addition to the hotel and music hall, a boathouse and various seasonal attractions. Karno, who had a luxury houseboat permanently moored at the island, described the resort modestly as "the hub of the universe for river people". However, the economic downturn caused by the First World War meant that the island&#39;s fortunes waned. The hotel was renamed The Casino but its popularity did not return and Karno sold it in 1926. It was reopened two years later as the Thames Riviera and a vehicle ferry was established to transport cars to the island. In 1940 it closed again, and after a chequered history of attempts to revive or repurpose it that involved many financial collapses, the building was demolished in 1971 and never rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Astoria Houseboat, built by Fred Karno and owned by Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour, is visible from the island on the northern bank upstream. Tagg&#39;s Island was eventually acquired by the houseboat residents who transformed the island into a houseboat community.</p><br>
<h2>Sundial</h2><br>
<p>In Hampton Court Road, near the junction of the road leading to the island, is a sundial in the shape of a steel globe, which was designed by David Harber.</p><br>
<p>Below it is a plaque which reads:</p><br>
<p>The Sundial was commissioned by the widow of Gerry Braban, who was responsible for building the present bridge to Taggs Island.</p><br>
<p>Garrick&#39;s Ait , previously known as Shank&#39;s Eyot, is an ait in the River Thames in England on the reach above Molesey Lock, the nearest land being Moulsey Hurst  on the Surrey bank and the opposite bank being a much narrower riverside park of Hampton. It is the only island in the United Kingdom named after an actor.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is 330 m upstream from Tagg&#39;s Island which is more than twice the width and length. On the island are 20 houses, it being historically divided into 26 plots, but two of these, including the eastern tip, have always been trees and mooring space, respectively. Two of the approximately equal-sized plots, with few exceptions, have been combined into one. It is inaccessible except by boat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Garrick&#39;s Ait is named after David Garrick, the actor whose Temple to Shakespeare and Villa (house) are on the Hampton bank and as such is the only island in the country named after an actor. In common with most Thames islands near developed places, it became used for growing and harvesting willow/weeping willow trees when they arrived in the country in the 18th century. Wood from pollarding could be used for cricket bats, paddles, ladders, gun stocks, crates and poles for fences. Harvested branches, called osiers, are strong, flexible and resistant to rot – they were used for fish traps, basket making and for reinforcing riverbanks.</p><br>
<p>Mutsu Bay is a bay in Aomori Prefecture, in the northern Tohoku region of northern Japan. It is bordered by the Tsugaru Peninsula to the west, the Shimokita Peninsula to the east and north, with an east-west distance of approximately 40 km and a north-south distance of approximately 40 km at its eastern end, with a total area of approximately 1,667.89 km&sup2;. The outlet of the bay is the 14 km wide Tairadate Strait which connects Mutsu Bay to the Tsugaru Strait separating the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. The bay has an average depth of 40 m to 45 m, with a maximum depth of 70 m near its outlet to the Tsugaru Strait.</p><br>
<p>Mutsu Bay includes Aomori Bay in the southwest, Noheji Bay in the southeast and Ōminato Bay to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Economically, the shallow waters of the bay are an important fishery, with the cultivation of scallops predominating. Other products commercially harvested include Sea cucumber, Olive flounder and Ascidiacea. The fisheries were severely damaged by the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2002, the Ministry of the Environment classified some tidal flats of the eastern Mutsu Bay shoreline to be one of the 500 Important Wetlands in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Pacific white-sided dolphins are regular migrants into the bay annually, and whale watching and surveys using ferries have been conducted.</p><br>
<p>Belmont Mansion, also known as Acklen Hall, and originally known as Belle Monte, Belle Mont or Belmont, is a historic mansion located in Nashville, Tennessee on the campus of Belmont University that today functions as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849, Adelicia Hayes Franklin married Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen, a young attorney from Alabama, and they immediately began construction of Belle Monte (Belmont) on 180 acre in Davidson County. It was completed by 1853 as an Italian villa style summer home. Adelicia and Joseph used Belmont as a summer home to escape from the heat of Adelicia&#39;s seven Louisiana cotton plantations, which totaled 8,600 acre. The Acklens built, furnished, and landscaped one of the most elaborate antebellum homes in the South, totaling 36 rooms and 19,000 ft&sup2;. The estate contained a variety of buildings with the house adorning the top of the hill. Beside the house, there was a T-shaped guest house and art gallery. The south wing of the guest house contained guestrooms and a bowling alley. The art gallery had a corrugated glass roof and comprised the north wing. The grounds also included lavish gardens, conservatories, aviary, lake and a zoo. The conservatories housed tropical fruit and flowers along with camellia japonica, jasmine, lilies, and cacti. The zoo featured bears, monkeys, peacocks, singing birds, a white owl, alligators from Louisiana and a deer park. Covered balconies with cast iron railing and trim surrounded the house to protect windows from the sun. Atop the house, a ten-foot octagonal cupola vented the house during the summer months and provided an "astronomical observatory" used for viewing the stars, the estate and downtown Nashville.</p><br>
<p>Joseph and Adelicia had six children together, but their twins died of scarlet fever at the age of 2 in 1855. In 1863, Joseph died in Louisiana while watching over the plantations during the Civil War. Left alone, Adelicia secretly negotiated agreements with both Union and Confederate authorities to allow 2,800 bales of her cotton to be shipped to Liverpool, England, and sold for a total of $960,000.</p><br>
<p>Despite a two-week occupation by Union General Thomas J. Wood prior to the Battle of Nashville, Belmont Mansion and its contents went undamaged during the Civil War. Only the grounds, where thirteen thousand Union troops spent those first two weeks of December 1864, suffered damage.</p><br>
<p>Immediately following the war, Adelicia and her four children traveled to Europe. While there, she continued amassing her large art collection, including five major marble statues by America&#39;s most important sculptors working in Rome.These including works by Randolph Rogers, William Henry Rinehart, Joseph Mozier, and Chauncey Ives. Four of these pieces remain in the mansion today. Adelicia was also presented at the Court of Emperor Louis Napoleon and his wife Empress Eugénie.</p><br>
<p>Months before her death, Adelicia sold Belmont, and the surrounding land, to Lewis T. Baxter for around $54,000. In 1890, it opened as a womens academy and junior college. The school merged with Wards Seminary in 1913 and was renamed Ward-Belmont. The Tennessee Baptist Convention purchased the school in 1951, and created a four-year, coeducational college. In 2007, Belmont University separated from the Tennessee Baptist Convention. Today the mansion is owned by the Belmont Mansion Association and Belmont University while it is operated and preserved by the Belmont Mansion Association.</p><br>
<p>Gilt frame mirrors hang over marble mantels reflecting the elaborate gasoliers and elegantly furnished parlors. Much of the original Venetian glass still adorns the windows, doors, and transoms of Belmont. The Grand Salon is considered by architectural historians to be the most elaborate domestic interior built in antebellum Tennessee. The gardens are now maintained as part of the University campus, including five cast iron gazebos. The 105 ft water tower remains on the grounds and today serves as a Bell Tower for Belmont University.</p><br>
<p>Many notable visitors to the home include Mrs. James K. Polk, William Walker, Agustín de Iturbide, Dwight L. Moody, Thomas Huxley, and Octavia Walton Le Vert.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Soo Line High Bridge, also known as the Arcola High Bridge, is a steel deck arch bridge over the St. Croix River between Stillwater, Minnesota, and Somerset, Wisconsin. It was designed by structural engineer C.A.P. Turner and built by the American Bridge Company from 1910 to 1911. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 for its national significance in the themes of engineering and transportation. It was nominated for its exceptional dimensions, beauty, innovative engineering techniques, and importance to transportation between Minnesota and Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was the second bridge on a Wisconsin Central Railway line that connected Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, with Minneapolis, Minnesota. The line was originally built in 1884. The crossing of the St. Croix River was difficult for the railway, since the original bridge across the river was very low and trains had to contend with a steep grade on either side of the river. This made it necessary to use helper engines and to make trains shorter. In 1909 the Wisconsin Central Railway built a higher bridge over the river. The bridge is 184 ft above the river and 2,682 ft long, with five steel arches towering above the river.</p><br>
<p>The Wisconsin Central Railway was leased by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway in 1909. In 1961 the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway, Wisconsin Central Railway and the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway merged to form the Soo Line Railroad. After the Soo Line Railroad acquired the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, they shifted Chicago–Minneapolis traffic to that railroads superior mainline. In 1987 the bridge and much of the Soo Lines track in Wisconsin became part of the new Wisconsin Central Ltd. The Wisconsin Central was acquired by Canadian National Railway on January 30, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building is a carousel and building in Highland Park in Meridian, Mississippi. Manufactured about 1896 for the 1904 St. Louis Exposition by the Dentzel Carousel Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the carousel was sold and shipped to Meridian. Highland Park Dentzel Carousel has been in operation since 1909 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is the only remaining two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie in the world.</p><br>
<p>Its closest contemporaries both are held in Indiana. The Children&#39;s Museum carousel, also called The Carousel of Wishes and Dreams in Indianapolis, was probably manufactured pre-1900. It is not a pure Dentzel product, though; much of the original carousel has been modified from its original design. In Logansport, the Spencer Park Dentzel Carousel has been partially restored. It is dated between 1900 and 1903, although it may predate 1900 as well.</p><br>
<h2>The Carousel</h2><br>
<p>Meridian&#39;s Dentzel Carousel arrived in the city in 1909 and has since occupied the same location in Highland Park. Its house, also a National Historic Landmark, is the only remaining original carousel building built from a Dentzel blueprint.</p><br>
<p>The carousel building was closed from 1983 to 1984 for major restoration, performed by Ralph E. Young Contractor, Inc. The carousel animals were removed and placed in various local institutions while funds were raised.</p><br>
<p>From 1984 to 1995, the animals, chariots, and canvas oil paintings of the carousel were meticulously restored to their original beauty. Colors and designs were documented with careful color matching, tracing of designs, working drawings, and photographs showing where colors and designs originally occurred. The restoration was done by Rosa Ragan of Raleigh, N.C., one of the foremost restoration specialists in the USA</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>Built from a Dentzel blueprint, the carousel&#39;s shelter building is a rectangular building approximately 70 x with board and batten siding. The exterior of the building is distinctive in appearance with a low, square, main block and a central section of octagonal roof with clerestory light windows. The clerestory is about 40 ft in diameter and lights the interior. Inside the building, the original mosaic tile floor with a large snowflake pattern in green, yellow, terracotta, and white is intact. The carousel house has recently (1983–84) been restored, using a combination of city funds via private donations from "Friends of the Carousel," grants, fund-raisers, city budgeted money, and a small National Park Service grant.</p><br>
<h2>Dentzel Carousels</h2><br>
<p>The Dentzels have been credited with essentially jump-starting the carousel industry in America. The family&#39;s work has been praised for the artistry of its carving and even described as "the finest built." This characterization especially applies to their work up to 1910. Some Dentzels of the time were as large as 54 ft in diameter carrying up to 72 animals and four chariots and contained animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, goats, pigs, donkeys, kangaroos, giraffes, lions, tigers, deer, buffaloes, ostriches, and more.</p><br>
<p>Gustav A. Dentzel, a young German immigrant, began building carousels in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1864. It is commonly believed that several parts for his first American carousel were imported from his father, Michael Dentzel, who manufactured carousels in Kreuznach, in present-day Germany. Gustav continued to construct and sell carousels in America until his death in 1908 in the Germantown section of Philadelphia. Gustavs two sons, William H. Dentzel and Edward P. Dentzel, continued their fathers craft after his death, keeping the business running in Philadelphia until 1928, when William died. Edward continued the business for a short while in California, but quickly gave up the craft after the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression to build homes in Beverly Hills, CA.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, Edwards son, William H. Dentzel II, developed and produced a line of childrens carousels finished in traditional Dentzel style with mirrors, artwork, lights and band organ music. He continued working in his grandfathers and fathers footsteps until his death in 1991.</p><br>
<p>William H. Dentzel III, William IIs son, and his three children, Zaryn, Sophia, and Noah, follow in the family tradition. David M. Dentzel, William IIIs younger brother, has also carved several large horses and menagerie animals. A Dentzel carousel from the closed Woodland Park is installed at Memorial Hall in Fairmount Park inside the new home of the Please Touch Museum in Philadelphia which opened in October 2008.</p><br>
<p>Highland Park is a historic park in Meridian, Mississippi. Home to a museum honoring Jimmie Rodgers, a Meridian native, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The park is also home to the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building, a National Historic Landmark manufactured around 1896 by Gustav Dentzel of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The historic carousel is the only two-row stationary Dentzel menagerie still in existence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Highland Park begins in the late 19th century when the area was used as the Meridian Fair and Livestock Exposition. The organization, which was influenced by Worlds fairs such as the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair and Atlanta&#39;s International Cotton Exposition in 1895, was founded in 1904 by big names in Meridian such as Israel Marks, the Threefoot brothers, and the Rothenbergs. They acquired land in west Meridian but never made any plans of what to do with it. When the Fair and Exposition Corporation dissolved in 1906, ownership of the land was transferred to a non-profit trust. After a city Park Association was formed in 1908, the association was tasked with assembling property and developing initial plans for the park.</p><br>
<p>At the time Highland Park was designed, there was a national trend for streetcar pleasure parks, and electric railway companies wanted to increase their operations by owning or investing in these parks. The Meridian Light and Railway Company followed the national trend, building a rail line beginning at 8th Street and following 34th Avenue until it turned west between 19th and 20th Streets and continuing west into Highland Park. The platform for the streetcar line was located in the northeast corner of the park at the main entrance. A promenade connected the platform with a small pool, a carousel house, a large loveseat, a bronze statue honoring Israel Marks, and a gazebo. A sidewalk extended from the promenade to a dance pavilion, and another sidewalk connected the gazebo with a bandstand. South of this group was a lagoon, alligator pond, footbridge, and greenhouse. In the western section of the park, there were two picnic shelters, a small toilet facility, and a terraced amphitheater. The northern part of the park was originally meant for pedestrians while the southern part was reserved for those with horses.</p><br>
<p>A downtown monument honoring Frank M. Zehler, a fireman who died on duty in 1901, was relocated to the park in the 1920s from its original location at the intersection of 23rd Avenue and 4th Street in downtown Meridian. In the 1930s, two swimming pools were built on the site of the former dance pavilion, a one-story commercial building was added in the northwest corner of the park, and an arboretum was added by the amphitheater. The pathways in the park were paved in the 1940s, allowing vehicles to travel through the area. A small fighter jet was located in the park between the pools and the promenade in 1972. Also, a Parks and Recreation office, a museum honoring Jimmie Rodgers, a steam locomotive and caboose, children&#39;s playground equipment, and the Frank Cochran Center have been added since. Of the original features, all remain except the dance pavilion and greenhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Dentzel carousel</h2><br>
<p>The Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building was manufactured about 1896 for the 1904 St. Louis Exposition by Gustav Dentzel of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Meridian bought the carousel in 1909 and installed it in its house in the park. Its house, also in the National Historic Landmark listing, is the only remaining original carousel building built from a Dentzel blueprint.</p><br>
<p>While the carousel building was closed from 1983 to 1984 for major restoration, the carousel animals were removed and placed in various local institutions while funds were raised. From 1984 to 1995, the animals, chariots, and canvas oil paintings of the carousel were restored to their original appearance. The restoration was done by Rosa Ragan of Raleigh, North Carolina, one of the foremost restoration specialists in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Jimmie Rodgers museum</h2><br>
<p>The park houses a Jimmie Rodgers museum honoring the Meridian-born country legend and displaying the original guitar of the so-called "Singing Brakeman," along with other memorabilia of his life and career and various railroading equipment from the steam engine era — Meridians "golden age". In addition to the museum building itself, which was built in 1976, outside memorials honor the country star, and a vintage steam locomotive is displayed on a small section of railroad track, symbolizing Meridians strong ties to railroading history. The locomotive is a 1917 Baldwin steam locomotive from the Susquehanna and New York Railroad line. It was later used by the Meridian and Bigbee railroad, who donated it to the city in 1953 as a memorial to all deceased railroaders. The locomotive was moved to the park in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Arts in the Park</h2><br>
<p>The park hosted the annual Arts in the Park festival from the festival&#39;s premiere in 1971 until 2006, when the Meridian Council of Arts decided to move the festival to Bonita Lakes, another location in Meridian. In 2009 the festival was combined with the Threefoot Arts Festival and moved to downtown Meridian to form the Threefoot Festival.</p><br>
<p>Arts in the Park, held on the first Saturday in April,</p><br>
<p>Sunbury Court Island is a long pedestrianised residential island of houses and bungalows in the River Thames in England on the &#39;Sunbury and Hampton&#39; or &#39;Molesey&#39; reach, above Molesey Lock in Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England.</p><br>
<h2>Attributes</h2><br>
<h3>Landscape and architecture</h3><br>
<p>The island is linked to the eastern part of the developed riverside of Sunbury on the left, Middlesex, bank of the river. The island is pedestrianised and residential comprising 25 houses and bungalows in typically garden or patio plots with equal or smaller footprint to those homes. It is connected to a narrow point between homes on the bank by a flat iron footbridge with criss-crossed decorative railings surmounted by an ornamental Italianate square tower, pictured right.</p><br>
<h3>Surroundings</h3><br>
<p>From the bridge entrance the non-listed south wall, rather than railings, and entrance drive of Sunbury Court. Also visible are the higher part of the neo-classical conference centre in a grand former home, Sunbury Court, which is an international headquarters of the Salvation Army movement, Grade II* listed and dates to 1723 with later improvements and outbuildings, mainly of the present century. Rivermead Island, a park, is approximately 20 metres upstream. Sunbury Cricket Club is approximately 300 metres downstream set away from the river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings date to summer homes of the early 20th century, before which the island was a long rural meadow. The earlier name for the island was "Hayes Ait".</p><br>
<h2>Level of flood risk</h2><br>
<p>The island is as with most Thames-side properties in the highest category of risk identified by the Environment Agency, which means:</p><br>
<p>The Island is assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding.</p><br>
<p>The Agency will issue to individual residents flood warning alerts.</p><br>
<p>International headline-reported flooding of non-tidal stretches of the Thames took place during the 2013–2014 United Kingdom winter floods, forming its greatest single area of economic impact. Flooding reached waist depth across the island path on 7 January 2014 when a small number of residents were rescued by a large team of local emergency services called to the island&#39;s help. By 8 February 2014, approximately half of homes had been chosen to be evacuated by Fire and Rescue Services.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Historic District is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Evergreen Historic District is bounded on the South by Poplar Avenue from its intersection with East Parkway to Avalon Street. The district boundary then follows Avalon Street to Court Avenue. The district boundary then follows Court Avenue westward until its intersection with Stonewall Avenue. The district boundary then continues North on Stonewall until its intersection with Poplar, at which point in the west direction Poplar is again the Southern boundary until its intersection with Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>The Evergreen Historic District is bounded on the East by East Parkway, from the West by Cleveland Avenue, and from the North by North Parkway.</p><br>
<p>Properties on the North adjacent North Parkway, on the South adjacent Court Avenue between Avalon Street and McNeil Street, and properties on the South side of Poplar Avenue between Kenilworth Place and Cleveland are also included within the boundaries of Evergreen Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen is located in the area of Memphis known as Midtown. This area of the city includes Overton Park, which is one of the largest urban parks in the nation; it also includes the Memphis Zoo.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Evergreen is unique to Midtown because there is a mix of old and new homes, due to the attempt to split the neighborhood, and Overton Park, in half to make way for Interstate 40 (see Sam Cooper Boulevard). The neighborhood was able to fight the interstate, and the case eventually went all the way to the USA Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the neighborhood. Many of the homes were demolished, but in the early 90s, bids started and builders repatched the holes in Evergreen. Today, the neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is probably the best value for the Midtown area. Evergreen is sometimes referred to as Stonewall, after the street which has some of the neighborhood&#39;s nicest homes.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: Private</p><br>
<p>The Holly Bluff Site (22 YZ 557), sometimes known as the Lake George Site, and locally as “The Mound Place,”) is an archaeological site that is a type site for the Lake George phase of the prehistoric Plaquemine culture period of the area. The site is on the southern margin of the Mississippian cultural advance down the Mississippi River and on the northern edge of that of the Cole&#39;s Creek and Plaquemine cultures of the South." The site was first excavated by Clarence Bloomfield Moore in 1908 and tested by Philip Phillips, Paul Gebhard and Nick Zeigler in 1949.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>One of the half dozen really big sites in the State of Mississippi, the Holly Bluff Site is located on the south bank of George Lake, or Lake George as it is sometimes known, a half mile east of its confluence with the Sunflower River and a mile and a half southeast of the village of Holly Bluff, Yazoo County. Today the site is bisected by a county road and is used as a plantation headquarters but still clearly visible are the numerous large mounds and the remains of a surrounding wall.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric Timeline</h2><br>
<p>The sites occupation begins with a Jaketown Phase occupation evidenced by a scattering of Poverty Point objects in the lowest levels of excavations. This is followed, after a hiatus evidenced by a complete lack of Tuscola Phase materials, by an early Marksville period component tentatively assigned an early Anderson Landing Phase that may have lasted into an early Issaquena times. The succeeding late Issaquena Phase and Deasonville Phases are virtually unrepresented at Holly Bluff. The site was again occupied from the lower half of the Baytown period up to the late prehistoric times. All phases of the local sequence from the Bayland on through the Lake George Phase (1350-1500)(of which the site is the type site for the Lower Yazoo Basin Plaquemine chronology) are abundantly documented. Materials of the Crippen Point Phase of the Late Coles Creek appear to be most widely spread, and it may have been at this time that the settlement attained its greatest size. In the final Lake George Phase additions were made to some of the mounds, especially Mound A, and the enclosing embankment was built, but the total area occupied was perhaps not as large as in the preceding period.</p><br>
<h2>Site Description</h2><br>
<p>It will be noted that Mound A is almost the exact center of the site, a most unusual location for the dominant mound in ceremonial centers of the Coles Creek and Mississippi periods. In the case of centers the plaza is normally the central feature with the principal "temple mound" located on one side, usually but not always the west, its principal ramp giving access from the plaza on the east side of the mound. In the case of Holly Bluff there seems to have been two plazas to the east and west of the Mound A respectively.</p><br>
<p>Sampling evidence supports the theory that Mound A was originally part of a group (including mounds B, C, D, E, and F) surrounding the western plaza possibly as early as the Bayland phase(but more likely the Aden phase), and certainly established by the Kings Crossing phase. Mound A may or may not have been the principal structure at this time. This plan may have carried on into the Crippen Point phase, but the evidence strongly suggests that either then or in the succeeding Mayersville phase site reorientation took place. Mound A becoming the principle feature of an east plaza assemblage (with mounds F, G, G, H, U, and V) which remained the ritual center of the site throughout the remainder of its history.</p><br>
<p>The twenty-five mounds that are now recognized range from barely noticeable rises to the massive Mound A, which is 55 ft high and covers nearly two acres. It is believed that the lower rises were used as house substructures and repeatedly reconstructed. The larger mounds were most likely used for ceremonial purposes rather than residential. Until recent erosion, earthen ramps could be seen climbing to the summits of these large mounds. Seven of the mounds are situated along the bank of George Lake and six more are located within the embankment. The remaining twelve mounds are positioned around the two plazas situated to the east and west of Mound A. This design is unusual and extremely large for the area; the closest in size and layout being the Winterville Site.</p><br>
<p>The final major feature of the site is the earthen wall and the trench that surrounds it on three sides. In the earliest survey of the site, C. B. Moore reported that the wall was four to 6 ft high and still reached this height although large sections have now been destroyed. It is likely that the ditch, which was filled with water from George Lake, supplied the dirt for the wall. The one side that was not protected by the wall was the lake side of the site, the lake bank creating a steep enough boundary on this northern side to provide protection.</p><br>
<p>Besides topographical settings, the environment of the Lake George site was extremely favorable for occupation. In prehistoric times the rich soils and the varying ecologies supported a vast array of plant and animal species. The natural levees created by deposits from the Mississippi were made of rich sandy and silty loams which allowed the common Southeastern deciduous hardwoods, such as hickory, elm, ash, cottonwood, maple, pecan, hackberry, honey locust, sycamore, and even gums and oaks to flourish. The swamps surrounding the site supported an entirely different ecosystem including alligators, small reptiles and aquatic plants. The streams and rivers also provided fish, shellfish, and other aquatic fauna, which can be seen from excavations of shell middens and deposits of the site. These waterways also provided a major form of communication. This abundant region was obviously utilized by many different peoples over the course of prehistory as the Holly Bluff Site shows.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Looting, erosion and cultivation have extensively damaged the Holy Bluff site over the years. This has caused some debate over the form and degree of some of the earthworks. Clarence B. Moore noted in 1908, following a visit, that some thirty rises and mounds, small and large, could be counted within the enclosure. Nine years later Calvin S. Brown visited and counted only twenty-five or so mounds within the wall. In 1928 and again in 1936 James A. Ford recorded only twenty-two mounds. In a site report in January 1941, Jesse D. Jennings described twenty-seven mounds and some questionable rises. C. B. Moore’s original estimate is believed to most accurately reflect the situation; many of the smaller earthworks have been lost to recent and intense cultivation.</p><br>
<p>In January and February 1908, Clarence Bloomfield Moore received permission from the then owner Judge William Andrew Henry of Yazoo City to excavate the sites along the Yazoo River and its tributary the Sunflower River in his steamboat, The Gopher. Moore commented on the physical appearance of the site: “Strewn over the enclosed area, among the mounds and on them…are chert pebbles; fragments of chert; bits of mussel shell; and small parts of earthenware vessels" Most of the earthenware was undecorated, he recorded, and mostly shell tempered with some stone tempering which is common in the Yazoo-Sunflower region. C. B. Moore’s excavations produced various small artifacts including projectile points, a pebble ax of fossilized wood, a chert hammerstone, and a zoomorphic effigy pipe of shell-tempered pottery. He was disappointed, however, in finding nothing of great importance other than two disturbed burials in a mound on the lake front. Moore’s disappointment was evident in his failing to map the site and his statement, “it having become evident to us that our search was inadequately rewarded”.</p><br>
<p>Numerous other archaeologists with varying degrees of success followed up Moore’s excavations. Each of the later excavations found an extremely different system of mounds. In the 1920s the site was damaged by the then-plantation owner Mr. Charles W. Perry who pastured cattle on the large mounds and cultivated the smaller mounds. The cattle foraged the cover of the larger mounds and their trampling eroded much of the site, erasing the ramps described by Moore. In 1949 Philip Phillips, Paul Gebhard and Nick Zeigler began performing test excavations of the Holly Bluff site. These were the first truly scientific excavations carried out at the site. The interpretations of the data provided the first reliable conclusions of the culture history. These tests finally provided evidence that the Holly Bluff site had been occupied for approximately one millennium. The conclusions proved that the Holly Bluff site was an important phase of the Coles Creek culture. From 1958 to 1960, “hundreds of skeletons were removed” from Mound C.</p><br>
<p>The House on Ellicotts Hill, also known as Connellys Tavern, James Moore House, or Gilreath&#39;s Hill, is a historic house museum at 211 North Canal Street in Natchez, Mississippi. Built in 1798, it is the oldest surviving building in Natchez from its early territorial period. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 and a Mississippi Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Moore, a merchant from Natchez, built the house in 1798. It was one of the first built when Spanish settlers laid out the city of Natchez, and it is believed to have influenced architecture in a wide region. One side of the house overlooks the Mississippi River from atop a bluff and contains a two-story gallery, while the other side&#39;s upper story is at ground level, where it is reached by bridges across a dry moat.</p><br>
<p>In 1797, before the house was built, Andrew Ellicott was sent by George Washington to mark the boundary between the United States and Spanish Louisiana, which had been set at the 31st parallel by the Treaty of San Lorenzo de Real. When he arrived on February 24, he set up camp on the bluff atop which the house is located, raising the American flag for the first time over the new territory. After Moore moved to a plantation in Washington, Mississippi, the house underwent various ownership changes, eventually being sold in 1850 and converted into Natchez High School, owned by J.R. Gilreath, before closing in 1878.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1934 by the Natchez Garden Club and restored, since it was in a dilapidated condition. Architect Richard Koch worked to restore the house, rebuilding collapsing masonry, repairing carpentry and plasterwork, and restoring wood trim, among other things. At the time of the restoration, the house was believed to be a former tavern owned by Patrick Connelly, but later research by the Natchez Garden club revealed that the tavern was actually located one block southeast of the house on Ellicott&#39;s Hill.</p><br>
<p>The I. T. Montgomery House is a historic house on West Main Street in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, United States. Built in 1910, it was the home of Isaiah Montgomery , a former slave of Jefferson Davis who was instrumental in founding Mound Bayou, one of the first economically successful towns established by freed slaves. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and a Mississippi Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The I.T. Montgomery House is located in an residential area south of the Mound Bayou town center, on the west side of South Main Avenue midway between Green Street West and West South Street. It is a two story brick building, with a hip roof and an elevated brick foundation. It has a single-story porch extending across its front, with a hip roof supported by sloped square Doric columns set on brick piers. The porch is reached by a long stair with a right-angle turn. Sections project from several of the house&#39;s sides, capped by gables with deep eaves.</p><br>
<p>Isaiah Thomas Montgomery was a leading figure in the founding of Mound Bayou, one of Mississippis most successful communities established by slaves freed by the American Civil War. He and a cousin, both former slaves from the plantation of Confederate President Jefferson Davis, had been part of an unsuccessful attempt to establish such a community at one corner of Daviss plantation. After a railroad line was built through Bolivar County in the 1880s, this land, granted to the railroad, was considered a more suitable site for such a settlement. Montgomery was instrumental in recruiting settlers and helping to build the new community, which was given a town charter by the state in 1912. This house was built for Montgomery in 1910, and was his home until his death.</p><br>
<p>Jaketown Site  is an archaeological site with two prehistoric earthwork mounds in Humphreys County, Mississippi, United States. While the mounds have not been excavated, distinctive pottery sherds found in the area lead scholars to date the mounds&#39; construction and use to the Mississippian culture period, roughly 1100 CE to 1500 CE.</p><br>
<p>The site was a complex regional trade center that developed and was inhabited much earlier, from 2000-600 BCE, during the Poverty Point culture within the Late Archaic period of the United States. This culture is seen in more than 100 sites on both sides of the Mississippi River, from present-day Louisiana to Mississippi; it also was linked to more distant areas through a trading network. The site has evidence of trade in raw materials and manufacture of finished items that were distributed through the network throughout the Eastern United States. The largest and most elaborate earthwork complex of the period is at Poverty Point, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The mounds were constructed as part of a later, succeeding culture, built to mark the political and religious center of a chiefdom. There would have been numerous elite residences nearby, as well as structures to support certain crafts. Because of its importance of a regional trade center of the Poverty Point culture in the Archaic period, and long human occupation, the site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990. It is managed by the state of Mississippi. Mississippi Highway 7 is routed near the site, which is approximately seven miles north of Belzoni.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts found in the area near the site are featured on display in the Jaketown Museum in Belzoni. Dating of the artifacts has demonstrated that the Jaketown site was occupied by indigenous peoples from 1750 BCE to 1500 CE, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the region.</p><br>
<p>Archeological investigations have found that the smaller mounds nearby were hundreds of years older than the surviving two; they were built by peoples of a preceding culture. They were destroyed by plowing and being razed for use as fill for road construction in the early 20th century. The largest platform mound at the site, Mound B, is 23 ft in height with a base of 150 ft by 200 ft. It has a projection on its eastern side that is thought to have been a ramp once used as a stairway. To its northeast is Mound C, another platform mound with a height of 15 ft.</p><br>
<p>Juan de Anza House, also known as Anza House, is small one-story California adobe in San Juan Bautista, California, USA. It was a simple pole and mud brick building that was typical for the Mexican era in California, including in the 1820-1840 time period in which it was built. Then, further, it was "Americanized" and enlarged in the 1850s, also typical of how traditional Mexican houses were adapted by newer settlers from the eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>As an architectural type example, it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the corner of Franklin and 3rd Streets in San Juan Bautista.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places&#39; information system lists a Juan de Anza as architect or builder of the house. However, based on no connection being given in the National Park Service documents about the site, the building appears to have no association with California explorer Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto, who lived from 1736-1788, and who is also known as Juan de Anza.</p><br>
<p>A City of San Juan Bautista guide to local points of interest describes the house as "Spanish style, one of four adobes still standing in the commercial area, all built after the Mission lands were secularized. Francisco Bravo, who built it, operated a cantina here during the 1850&#39;s."</p><br>
<p>The Canaan Union Depot, also known as the Union Depot, is located in Canaan Village, in the town of North Canaan, Connecticut, and is a former union station. It was built in 1872 at the junction of the Housatonic Railroad and the Connecticut Western Railroad which was acquired by the Central New England Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The station was located at the level junction between the two rail lines, making a right angle right at the crossover. The angle of the building was a 3-story tower, at the top of which sat the electric telegraph operator. The two 90-foot (27-meter) wings of the building were occupied by the two railroad companies. The second floor of the station had a large restaurant that was especially important before the development of the dining car. Eventually, both the Central New England and the Housatonic Railroad became a part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The New Haven was later merged into the Penn Central Transportation.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>The station was no longer used for passenger service after 1971, and regular freight service on the line ended in 1974. The station then became a retail location, with a restaurant in the southeastern wing. When the railroad was reopened as the new Housatonic Railroad in 1980, the station was not repurchased, though the new company did maintain offices there for many years.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972,</p><br>
<p>More than half of the station — namely the southeast half — was destroyed by arson late in the evening of October 12, 2001. The Connecticut Railroad Historical Association purchased what was left in 2003, and the organization began to restore it. Part of the building shell and the tower were restored, but work then stalled for more than a decade due to red tape required to get grant money, and negations with the Housatonic Rail Road over safety issues. The project got back on track in 2014. The town of North Canann solicited bids for "Rehabilitation of the Union Deport Railroad Station" in August 2015.</p><br>
<p>Grasshopper Glacier is located in Shoshone National Forest, in the US state of Wyoming on the east of the Continental Divide in the Wind River Range. Grasshopper Glacier is in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness, and is part of the largest grouping of glaciers in the American Rocky Mountains. The glacier flows north, and glacial runoff supplies water to Grasshopper Creek, flowing eventually into the Wind River. The glacier shares a glacial margin with Klondike Glacier, located to the south. The glacier is named for grasshoppers that have been found entombed in the ice.</p><br>
<p>Between September 6 and 10, 2003, a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) was recorded when the proglacial lake at the head of the glacier burst through a glacial dam, and water from the lake carved a trench down the center of the glacier for over a half-mile (.8 km). An estimated 650 million gallons of water were released in four days, raising the flow level of Dinwoody Creek from 200 ft&sup3; per second to 900 ft&sup3; per second, as recorded at a gauging station 17 mi downstream. Debris from the flood was deposited more than 20 mi downstream. The GLOF has been attributed to the rapid retreat of the glacier, which has been ongoing since the glacier was first accurately measured in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Monmouth is a historic antebellum home located at 1358 John A. Quitman Boulevard in Natchez, Mississippi on a 26 acre lot. It was built in 1818 by John Hankinson, and renovated about 1853 by John A. Quitman, a former Governor of Mississippi and well-known figure in the Mexican-American War. It is one of Natchez&#39;s grandest Greek Revival mansions. It was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1986 It is now a small luxury hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>John and Francing Hankinson</h3><br>
<p>The home was built by John Hankinson, a postmaster, lawyer and steamboat entrepreneur, during the depression that followed the War of 1812, and named after his home, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The mansion was a brick two-story in the Federal style, with a wide central hall with four rooms located off the hall on both floors. There was also a detached brick kitchen behind it, a garden house, and several outhouses. Hankinson began to have financial troubles in 1821 and borrowed heavily using the plantation as collateral. The loan was defaulted on in 1825 and the house was sold at a public auction to Calvin Smith, who one year later sold the property to John Anthony Quitman, the future Governor of Mississippi. John Hankinson did not live to see the sale, as he died in 1826 from complications of excessive drinking.</p><br>
<h3>John and Eliza Quitman</h3><br>
<p>John Quitman, originally of New York City, was a partner in a successful Natchez law firm and married Eliza Turner, a member of one of the most prominent families in the city, being the niece of Edward Turner, a Mississippi Supreme Court judge. Quitman purchased Monmouth in 1826 for his wife and growing family. The house was extensively renovated by the Quitmans in 1853 in the fashionable Greek Revival style. The original brick was covered by stucco, scored to look like stone, and the portico was added to the front, along with the four square columns supporting it. Quitman also added the rear gallery and southeast wing of the house, along with a second story for the detached kitchen.</p><br>
<p>After Quitman died at Monmouth on July 17, 1858, and his wife died a year later, their five daughters and one son inherited the plantation. In 1862, when Natchez was attacked by the Union army during the American Civil War, most of the slaves escaped, and some joined the Union forces. Most of Quitmans original possessions were either stolen in 1863, when the house was occupied by Union soldiers, or sold by Quitmans daughters in 1865 due to financial difficulty. The house was spared from further damage during the war, as the daughters befriended a Union general and pledged loyalty to the United States. In 1866, three of the daughters, Louisa, Annie Rosalie and Fredericka, purchased their siblings&#39; share of the property, and by 1890, Annie Rosalie was the sole owner of Monmouth. In 1914, when she died, the house was left to her nieces, who later sold it in 1924. For the next half century, the house was severely neglected with the house and other surviving structures filled with litter and the grounds overgrown.</p><br>
<h3>Ronald and Lani Riches</h3><br>
<p>After several changes of ownership, Ronald and Lani Riches of Los Angeles, California, purchased the property in 1978 and restored the property to its original condition. The restoration of the house and original brick kitchen took three years. In 1982, after archaeological research determined the location of two small houses used as slave quarters, the buildings were reconstructed on the original sites. Though most of John Quitman&#39;s original furnishings had been lost, the house still contained a few pieces such as a sofa, a carved settee, and several chairs. The Riches searched for other furniture and memorabilia from Quitman, and they were able to recover his desk, two four-poster beds, and the Quitman family Bible. Other memorabilia now include the gold sword presented to Quitman by James K. Polk and the United States Congress for his services in the Mexican-American War, as well as the red handkerchief Quitman used to rally his troops.</p><br>
<h3>Under New Ownership Since 2012 - Nancy and Warren Reuthter, along with private investors</h3><br>
<p>Nancy and Warren Reuther are some of the current managing owners of Monmouth Historic Inn along with private investors. With extensive experience in the hotel and tourism industry, they continue to make sure every modern comfort has been provided in the 30 elegantly appointed spacious rooms and suites, yet carefully integrated as not to spoil the historic architectural virtue.</p><br>
<h2>Monmouth Historic Inn & Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Monmouth is now a small luxury hotel with 30 rooms and suites throughout the house and grounds. There is a fine-dining restaurant on site, Restaurant 1818, as well as a casual dining in The Quitman Lounge. Tours of the mansion are offered daily at 10 am and 2pm, and a gift shop in open to the public 7 days a week from 8am until 9pm. There have been a number of notable guests including President and Hillary Clinton, Michael Eisner, Alec Baldwin, Maya Angelou, Sela Ward, James Woods, Rob Reiner, Connie Chung, Morley Safer, Debbie Gibson, Ruby Dee and Michael Damian.</p><br>
<p>found in the caves by Shabuddin Shaik</p><br>
<p>The Belum Caves is the largest and longest cave system open to the public on the Indian subcontinent, known for its speleothems, such as stalactite and stalagmite formations. The Belum Caves have long passages, galleries, spacious caverns with fresh water and siphons. This natural underground cave system was formed over the course of tens of thousands of years by the constant flow of underground water. The cave system reaches its deepest point ( 46 m from entrance level) at the point known as Pataalaganga. In Telugu language, it is called Belum Guhalu. Belum Caves have a length of 3,229 m, making them the second largest natural caves on the Indian Subcontinent after the Krem Liat Prah caves in Meghalaya. It is one of the centrally protected monuments of national importance.</p><br>
<p>Belum came to scientific attention in 1884 by a British surveyor, Robert Bruce Foote and from 1982 to 1984, a team of German speleologists headed by H. Daniel Gebauer conducted a detailed exploration of the caves. Thereafter in 1988, the state government declared the site protected, and Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC) developed the caves as a tourist attraction in February 2002. Today, 3.5 km of the caves have been successfully explored, though only 1.5 km is accessible to visitors. There are 16 different pathways, including the main entrance and there are deposits of quartz in the caves. The caves consist of black limestone.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>The Belum Caves are located near Belum Village in Kolimigundla Mandal of Kurnool District in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Kolimigundla is situated 3 km from Belum Caves. The caves are an 8 km drive from Petnikota village.</p><br>
<p>Belum is part of a larger complex of caves carved out of the limestone deposits in the Erramalai region. Other caves include the Billasurgam caves, Sanyasula caves, Yaganti caves, Yerrajari caves, and the Muchchatla Chintamanu caves (caves are called gavi in the local language).</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Even though the Belum Caves were known to local people, the first records of site come from the expedition report of British geologist and archaeologist Robert Bruce Foote, in 1884. Thereafter, the Belum Caves remained unnoticed for almost a century until a German team headed by Herbert Daniel Gebauer conducted detailed exploration of the caves in 1982 and 1983. The German expedition was assisted by Mr Bacham Chalapathi Reddy (retd. Deputy superintendent of police), Mr Pothireddy Rama subba Reddy (retd.Headmaster), Mr Ramaswami Reddy, Mr Boyu Madduleti, Mr K. Padmanabhaiah, Mr K. Chinnaiah and Mr A. Sunkanna.</p><br>
<p>4,500 BC remnants of vessels of that age were found in the caves.</p><br>
<p>Occupied by Jain and Buddhist monks, over two thousands years ago</p><br>
<p>1884 existence of the caves recorded by the British geologist and archaeologist Mr Robert Bruce Foote.</p><br>
<p>1982 explored by the German Herbert Daniel Gebauer.</p><br>
<p>1983 explored by the German Herbert Daniel Gebauer.</p><br>
<p>1988 declared protected by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>1999 development of the cave by Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation started.</p><br>
<p>FEB-2002 cave opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>JUL-2002 Musical chamber discovered.</p><br>
<p>JAN 2013 A new cavernicolous (inhabiting caves) Isopod species discovered, named Andhracoides gebaueri</p><br>
<h2>Historical importance</h2><br>
<p>Belum Caves are geologically and historically important caves. There are indications that Jains and Buddhists monks occupied these caves centuries ago. Many Buddhists relics were found inside the caves. These relics are now housed in Museum at Ananthapur.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological survey of India (ASI) also found remnants of vessels of the pre-Buddhism era and dated the remnants of these objects to 4500 years BCE.</p><br>
<h2>Biological importance</h2><br>
<p>A new and second Indian cavernicolous (inhabiting caves) species of the genus Andhracoides was discovered in the Pataalaganga chamber. The organism is named Andhracoides gebaueri in honor of Herbert Daniel Gebauer who documented and mapped the complete cave</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>The caves were being used to dump wastes from nearby places until 1988. Local people of nearby settlements, notably Policemen and residents of Belum Village co-operated with the Government of Andhra Pradesh and developed the cave site as a tourist attraction. Finally, their almost two decade long efforts resulted in the Government of Andhra Pradesh declaring the entire area to be a protected zone. Finally, in 1999, the Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation took over the task of beautifying and maintaining the caves. The APTDC who has since been in charge of management, sanctioned Rs. 7,5 million to develop the caves. The APTDC has also developed the pathways of around 2 km length in and outside of the caves, provided illumination and has created fresh-air-shafts at the site. Inside the cave, APTDC has installed bridges and staircases, and a canteen, bathrooms and toilet facilities at the entry point. APTDC also has built a Haritha Hotel for accommodation in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>There is a sizeable Buddha statue near on a hillock near the caves. One of the caverns at Belum is known as the "Meditation Hall", which was used by Buddhist monks. Relics of the Buddhist period were found here. These relics are now housed in a museum in Ananthapur.</p><br>
<h2>Entrance to Caves</h2><br>
<p>The tourists are charged an amount of Rs.65.00 for entrance. Foreign Tourists are charged Rs.300.00 per person for entrance. APTDC has installed electronic gates at entrance. After passing through the gates, one can reach the caves by a metal staircase installed by APTDC.</p><br>
<p>The entrance pit was originally smaller than what one sees today. It has been broadened as part of development of the caves to install the staircase to allow visitors to descend and ascend easily.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is like that of a Pit Cave. From the ground you can only see two pits side by side and third pit a little further away. After descending around 20 meters by the stairs from the entrance, the caves become horizontal. The first section one enters is called Gebauer Hall named after Speleologist Mr H. Daniel Gebauer, who had explored and mapped the caves in 1982-1983. The path to Gebauer Hall leads below the second opening, which lies next to the main entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Main Sections of Belum Caves</h2><br>
<p>pillidwaram — pillidwaram means cats gate. It is a natural arch of stalactites formed in the shape of a lion’s head</p><br>
<p>Kotilingalu Chamber - This section contains stalactite formations which are akin to shiva lingams. This section has thousands of such stalactite giving it a surrealistic look. It has one huge pillar formed due to stalactite and stalagmite joining together.</p><br>
<p>Patalaganga - It is a small perennial stream which disappears into the depths of the earth. This stream flows from the southeast to northwest. It disappears and is believed to be heading towards a well at the Belum village, located 2 km away from the caves.</p><br>
<p>Saptasvarala Guha or Musical Chamber - Saptasvarala Guha means chamber of seven notes. The stalactite formations in this chamber reproduce musical sounds when these are struck with a wooden stick or knuckles. This section was opened to the public in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Dhyan Mandir or Meditation Hall - This section is near to the entrance. An interesting formation at Meditation hall looks like a bed with pillow to recline. The local legend has it that in ancient times many sages used to live here. This section was used by Buddhist Monks. Many relics of Buddhist period were found here which are now housed in museum at Ananthapur.</p><br>
<p>Thousand Hoods - This section has amazing stalactite formations shaped like hood of Cobra. The stalactite formations on the ceiling looks as if thousands of cobras have opened their hoods.</p><br>
<p>Banyan Tree Hall - This section has a huge pillar with stalactites hanging from the ceiling. This gives a look of Banyan Tree with its aerial roots when seen from below. The locals call it "Voodalamari" since it looks like a Banyan Tree with its aerial roots hanging from the branches.</p><br>
<p>Mandapam - This is a huge area inside the cave with magnificent stalactite structures on the sides giving it a look of a hall with pillars.</p><br>
<h2>Awards to APTDC for Belum Caves</h2><br>
<p>In, 2003, APTDC won the prestigious "National Tourism Awards" instituted by Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India, for its initiatives in developing and promoting Belum Caves.</p><br>
<p>Belum caves was also adjudged the best destination award 2002 at the Tourism and Travel Fair held in Bangalore in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The nearest railhead to reach Belum Caves is Tadipatri, 30 km away. There are daily trains from Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Tirupati, Kanyakumari, Thiruvananthapuram, Coimbatore and Goa which halt at Tadipatri railway station. From Tadipatri, one can take a bus to the Belum Caves.</p><br>
<p>The Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar House is a historic house museum at 616 North 14th Street in Oxford, Mississippi. Its mission is “to interpret the life and career of the distinguished 19th-century statesman L.Q.C. Lamar within the context of his times and to encourage the ideal of statesmanship in the 21st century”. Admission is free and open to the public Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays from 1-4 pm unless otherwise advertised. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Lucius Q. C. Lamar House is a site significant for its association with Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, who lived there while a Congressman and USA cabinet member. Lamar was active in USA national politics but resigned from Congress in January 1861. He wrote the Mississippi Secession Ordinance and served in the Civil War as a cavalry officer. Lamar became a Congressman again in 1872 and later became Secretary of the Interior and then a justice on the Supreme Court. He opposed civil rights legislation, promoted industrial progress, and "symbolized the South&#39;s regained political respectability."</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Lucius and Virginia Lamar in 1869 and was owned by Lucius Lamar up until around 1888. While the house was the Lamar family&#39;s official residence as he expanded his law practice in Oxford, Mississippi, it later became his retreat when he was in the USA House of Representatives. Lamar passed ownership of the house to his oldest daughter, Fannie L. Mayes, in 1888. Over time, the house became neglected and started deteriorating. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and further was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the year 2000, the Lamar House was included in the Mississippi Heritage Trust&#39;s “Ten Most Endangered List” for its "demolition by neglect". In an effort to save the house, the Oxford-Lafayette County Heritage Foundation bought the house in 2004 for $425,000 with funds provided by the Mississippi Legislature. Later that year, it was named both a Mississippi and an Oxford landmark; three years later, restoration began on Lamar House. The total cost of this renovation amounted to $1.5 million which began in May 2007 and concluded in June, 2008. Aspects of this renovation included clearing the three acre lot of invasive plant species, replacing the foundation and roof of the house, and restoring the house’s interior (including the hand painted frescoes in the main hallway). The restoration of the Lamar House was championed by the late Bill Russell who, as a member of the Oxford-Lafayette County Heritage Foundation, advocated for and oversaw much of the restoration process.</p><br>
<p>The Old Courthouse, Warren County, also known as Warren County Courthouse, sits prominently on a hill in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and was a symbol of Confederate resistance during the Siege of Vicksburg. and a Mississippi Landmark in 1986. The landmarked area is the entire Courthouse Square, which includes the courthouse and four cistern buildings.</p><br>
<p>Sitting on one of the highest bluffs in Vicksburg, the construction began in the summer of 1858, on what was to be the new court house. The property for the new building was given to the city by its founder, Newitt Vick. The Weldon Brothers from Rodney, Mississippi were hired to build the court house, and the building was completed in 1860 costing $100,000.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the building was one the main targets in Vicksburg, as hard as the Union tried the building only suffered one major hit. After a 47-day siege, on July 4, 1863 the Stars and Bars were lowered and the Stars and Stripes were raised ending the Civil War. Many historical figures have visit the court house over its years, including Jefferson Davis, Booker T. Washington, William McKinley, and Teddy Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Famous trials were conducted in the buildings second floor courtroom. One being of, freed slave Holt Collier. In 1867, Mr. Collier was arrested and charged with the murder a white officer from North Mississippi. During his trial, he was acquitted of all charges for defending his former owners name.</p><br>
<p>The original iron doors and shutters are still on the building today.</p><br>
<p>On June 3, 1948 the museum opened its doors, thanks to Eva Whitaker Davis. Mrs. Davis is the founder of the Vicksburg and Warren County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Pemberton&#39;s Headquarters, also known as the Willis-Cowan House, is a historic house museum at 1018 Crawford Street in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Built in 1836, it served as the headquarters for Confederate General John C. Pemberton during most of the 47-day siege of Vicksburg, and was the site where he decided to surrender the city to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on July 4, 1863. The house is owned by the National Park Service and is open to the public as part of Vicksburg National Military Park. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pembertons Headquarters is located on the eastern fringe of Vicksburgs downtown area, on the south side of Crawford Street just west of Adams Street. It is a two story brick building, set well above the street, from which it is separated by a retaining wall and steep terraced landscaping. A concrete stair climbs through the terracing to provide access to the front of the property. The house is a large L-shaped structure, with a brick front section and a rear wood frame addition. The front portion of the house was built in stages, with the initial structure of 1836 consisting of a main hall and flanking parlors, with a porch (probably smaller but more architecturally elaborate than the present one) sheltering the entrance. This was enlarged in brick in about 1850, with the rearmost additions coming around the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built by William Bobb, who sold it in 1836 to John Willis, an area plantation owner. It was under Willis ownership at the outbreak of the American Civil War, and when the war came to Vicksburg, Williss house, one of the largest in the city, was chosen by Confederate General John C. Pemberton as the headquarters for the citys defense. It was here that Pemberton and his subordinates planned out their military activities, and it is where they made the decision to surrender on July 3, 1863.</p><br>
<p>The Willises sold the house in 1886, and in 1890 it was bought by Mary Cowan, the wife of a Confederate vetern who died two years later. Mrs. Cowan died in 1914, and her estate sold it to the Sisters of Mercy, who operated a convent and school across the street. The house was used as part of their facilities (and called "St. Anthony&#39;s Hall") until 1973, when it was sold into private hands. In need of significant restoration at that time, it continued to decline until the 1990s, when it was sufficiently restored to operated for several years as a bed and breakfast inn. That enterprise failed, and it stood vacant until its acquisition by the National Park Service in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service was authorized in 2002 to purchase the house, for inclusion as an element of the Vicksburg National Military Park. Although most of that parks facilities are on the citys outskirts, the house is now used to interpret the experiences of the Confederate leadership, and the conditions in the city during the siege.</p><br>
<p>Waverley is a mansion, formerly a plantation house and now a historic house museum, in Clay County, Mississippi, ten miles east of West Point. Built in the 1840s, it is architecturally unique among Mississippi&#39;s antebellum mansions for its enormous octagonal cupola. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Waverley is located roughly midway between West Point and Columbus, on the northeast side of Waverley Road south of Mississippi Highway 50. It is set overlooking the Tombigbee River on a small portion of the original plantation land. The main house is a basically H-shaped two story structure, with a hip roof from which an oversized octagonal cupola rises another two stories. The building&#39;s Greek Revival features include corner pilasters and a dentillated cornice. The interior is richly decorated, with four rooms on each level opening into a central octagonal space. Hanging from the center of the cupola is the original gas-fired chandelier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The antebellum home was originally owned by George Hampton Young, a colonel from Georgia. From its accepted date of completion in 1852, the Waverley Plantation was a self-sustaining community, complete with gardens, orchards and livestock. It maintained a brick kiln, cotton gin, ice house and swimming pool with a bathhouse. Gas for the chandeliers was produced by burning pine knots in a retort. In later years, Waverley had its own lumber mill, leather tannery and hat manufacturing operation. It is believed that the first American-made saddle blankets were produced at Waverley and the first fox hunt association was formed in the mansion&#39;s library in 1893. The mansion fell into disrepair following the end of the Young family line in 1913, but was restored by the Robert Snow family beginning in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The house is open for tours daily.</p><br>
<p>Rosalie Mansion is a historic pre-Civil War mansion and historic house museum in Natchez, Mississippi. Built in 1823, it served as the architectural inspiration for a large number of Natchez&#39;s grand Greek Revival mansions, and was a major influence on Antebellum architecture in the greater region. During the American Civil War, it served as Union headquarters for the Natchez area from July 1863 on. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rosalie is located southwest of Natchez&#39;s downtown area, overlooking the Mississippi River at the junction of Orleans and South Broadway Streets. It is a basically cubical three-story brick building, with a truncated hip roof encircled by a low balustrade. Its front facade has a monumental four-column Tuscan portico, with entablature and a gabled pediment with a semi-oval window at its center. Broad entrances in the center bay provide access to the house on the ground floor and a balcony on the second; both have double-leaf doors, sidelight windows, and semi-oval transom windows. A five-column portico extends across the center of the rear elevation, although it is covered by a flat roof without entablature.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rosalie Mansion was built for Peter Little, a wealthy cotton broker, in 1823 on the bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. It is on a portion of the site of the Natchez Indians&#39; 1729 massacre of the French at Fort Rosalie.</p><br>
<p>On July 13, 1863, a week after the Battle of Vicksburg, General Grant took possession of Rosalie to use as Union Army headquarters. On August 26, 1863, General Walter Gresham took command of Union Army troops at Natchez. His headquarters remained at Rosalie.</p><br>
<p>Gresham had much of the owner&#39;s furnishings stored in the attic and put under guard to prevent theft or destruction. Union army tents covered much of the property surrounding the mansion. Union Army soldiers were placed in position in the observatory on top of the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Historic house museum</h2><br>
<p>Rosalie Mansion has been owned, operated, and maintained as a historic house museum by the Mississippi State Society Daughters of the American Revolution, for more than seventy years.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989. Photography is not allowed inside the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Parsons Memorial Lodge is a small building built in 1915 by the Sierra Club at the northern end of Tuolumne Meadows of Yosemite National Park. It was one of the earliest structures built of stone in a national park.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial</h2><br>
<p>The lodge is a memorial to Edward Taylor Parsons, a New Yorker who joined the Sierra Club about 1900, and who eventually became the club&#39;s director from 1905 to 1914. Parsons was heavily involved in the losing fight against the flooding of the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a municipal water source for San Francisco. Parsons died in 1914, and in memorial the Sierra Club established a fund to build a club meeting house, library and headquarters in Yosemite. The site at Tuolumne Meadows was chosen for its accessibility to park backcountry and its location near Soda Springs, a location that the Sierra Club wished to safeguard.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear who designed the Lodge. Mark White, brother-in-law and partner in Maybeck and White to architect Bernard Maybeck, was credited at the time of the lodges completion. White was a Sierra Club member. Maybeck scholars Gray Brechln and Kenneth Cardwell have suggested that Maybeck was involved in the design, chiefly through similarities to Maybeck-designed buildings at Lake Tahoe. Maybeck is alleged to have done the conceptual design, which was developed by White and Whites brother John, who would go in to design the LeConte Memorial Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Parsons Memorial Lodge is a 1,400 ft&sup2; one story stone building, accessible only from June through October in most years. The walls are rubble masonry with a concrete core, using local pink feldspar and gray granite, bedded with deeply raked mortar joints, and tapering from three feet at their base to two feet at the top. The door is arched with heavy stonework. The low-pitched roof is framed with peeled log rafters, about 18 in in diameter with interior and exterior log braces resting on low buttresses projecting from the walls on the east and west sides. The rafters are similar to the vigas found in American Southwestern architecture. Smaller peeled logs analogous to latias rest on top of the rafter logs, running perpendicular, topped by roofing paper and a galvanized metal top surface. The interior features a massive fireplace on the north wall opposite the entrance. There are two windows with benches below them in the east, west and south walls.</p><br>
<p>The lodge has been modified slightly. In 1935 a concrete floor was installed over what had apparently been a dirt surface. Wood surfaces were placed over the stone benches, and the windows and shutters were studded with nails to deter bears. The lodge is still in use today, though it is now managed by the National Park Service. It is representative of the Bay Area architectural influences adapted by Bernard Maybeck for the extreme weather variations on the high valley, and National Park Service Rustic.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Rangers&#39; Club is a building in Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park that was donated by the independently wealthy first director of the National Park Service, Stephen Tyng Mather. He intended it to be used by the newly hired park rangers who were taking over from the departing army troops. He specifically intended it to blend into the natural environment. Its use of rustic stylings was part of a trend to the use of rustic design and natural materials in Park Service buildings until the 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Concept</h2><br>
<p>The Rangers Club was designed by San Francisco architect Charles K. Sumner. Construction was completed in August 1924, at a cost to Mather of $39,380. The Rangers Club was intended to foster a sense of esprit de corps among the newly-create ranger service. Mather hoped that the example at Yosemite would encourage Congress to appropriate money to build similar facilities at other national parks, a vain hope. The Rangers&#39; Club was the first significant structure on the north side of the Yosemite Valley, part of a Mather strategy to relocate park services.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rangers&#39; Club is a U-shaped wood frame structure, 2-1/2 stories high, centering on a massive stone chimney in the center of the U. The interior is clad in redwood shingles, with board-and-batten siding on the gable ends. The building rests on a granite rubblestone foundation. Peeled log pilasters emphasize the corners of the frame building, originally extending through the roof. The gable ends feature balconies at the second floor, with jigsaw-pattern railings. The wood shingle roof is steeply pitched with shed roof dormers in the main section and steeply pitched gable dormers on the outer side of the flanking wings.</p><br>
<p>The interior arrangement has not been substantially altered. The first floor features a living room and dining room connected by a hallway, which itself features nooks furnished with bookshelf-partitions on its north and south sides, featuring decorative fir tree designs. Columns and beams are dressed and trimmed, with rough-hewn ceiling joists supporting diagonal ceiling sheathing. Downstairs interior spaces are finished in plaster with dark wood wainscoting. The buildings original furnishings remain in the living and dining rooms. Upstairs a central hall runs to the ends of the wings, flanked by individual and dormitory rooms. The buildings kitchen and bathrooms have been updated, and the partial basement contains mechanical equipment.</p><br>
<p>An adjoining L-shaped garage-woodshed and a transformer house are similarly designed, and complement the main building.</p><br>
<p>The Rangers&#39; Club was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The building was altered in 2008 to install new earthquake-resistant foundations and other seismic strengthening measures.</p><br>
<p>Lusty Glaze  is a beach in Newquay, Cornwall.</p><br>
<p>Lusty Glaze is privately owned although it has full public access. An outdoor activity company runs a range of beach based activities. The cove is naturally sheltered by high cliffs. Lusty Glaze is a Cornish tourist attraction with 133 steps from the cliff top to the beach below.</p><br>
<p>The current owners, Jeremy and Tracey Griffiths, purchased the site in 1999. The Adventure Centre combines extreme activities, both on land and in water.</p><br>
<p>There are lots of schools who go there and there is Lusty Glaze Surf Life saving there.</p><br>
<p>It was the southern terminus of the abortive St Columb Canal, parts of which were built in the 1770s, and although the southern section was probably never used, the remains of the inclined plane that connected the beach to the canal on the cliff top 100 ft above are still clearly visible.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name &#39;Lusty Glaze&#39; is derived from the Cornish for &#39;place to view blue boats&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Its headwaters are in the Hunter Hills, foothills of the Southern Alps, and its catchment area is 550 km&sup2;. The catchment receives approximately 1,000 mm of rain annually. In its upper reaches, the river has two branches, the North Branch and South Branch, which join together at Waihao Forks. The river is well defined, but when it nears the coast, it becomes a braided river and has a floodplain of 25 km&sup2;. When it reaches the coast, the river turns and flows northwards, being joined by the Waimate Creek before discharging into the Wainono Lagoon in Studholme, a locality to the east of the town of Waimate. However, a culvert known as the Waihao Box has been cut into the gravel berm that separates the river from the Pacific Ocean to provide permanent sea access.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>The river is crossed by two major roads. State Highway 1 crosses it near the coast between Willowbridge and Morven, while State Highway 82 crosses it inland at Waihao Forks. Near the State Highway 1 crossing, it is also crossed by the Main South Line railway, and inland, it was formerly crossed by the Waimate Gorge Branch. This branch line closed in 1953 and the bridges have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Agricultural activity occurs the length of the river and it is thus a source of irrigation. It is also used for recreational purposes. Fishers visit the river to fish for brown trout. It is also followed by a walkway for approximately 5 km near Waihao Forks.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The river has been prone to flooding, with eighteen major flooding events occurring in the 20th century. The only decades during which major floods did not occur were the 1910s and 1970s, and major floods occurred every year from 1950 to 1953. Environment Canterbury and the local council have implemented strategies to reduce flooding, including the maintenance of stopbanks, managing the riparian zone to lower erosion, and restricting development to mitigate damage.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, two special needs students aged 13 and 15 drowned while on a school trip to Black Hole, a swimming hole on the Waihao River. This event stimulated a re-assessment of school policies, and partly as a response to the incident, new safety guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Education. In 2004, the mothers of the students sued the high school for breaching its duty of care to the students; the case was settled out of court in September 2007.</p><br>
<p>Grand Junction Isle is a small island in the River Thames on the reach above Molesey Lock at Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England. It is just downstream of Sunbury Court Island, which is three times longer and also close to the north bank.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is more of a lozenge than ellipse and at its greatest extent 35m long and 15m wide within the low lying tree-covered somewhat tenuous land of the island are six weekend chalets of garden summerhouse size with mooring spaces and is connected to the northern bank in the residential far south-east of Sunbury by a footbridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island takes its name from the Grand Junction Waterworks Company which was one of three companies operating its Hampton Water Works which straddle the Hampton/Sunbury border such that the border has been moved to accommodate the westernmost reservoir within Hampton. The company built a water intake on the island to feed that reservoir and others, which in turn feed into filter beds, filters and advanced chemical and electromagnetic treatment works owned and operated by Thames Water. The island was previously known as "Purvis Ait". It is currently owned by The Environment Agency.</p><br>
<p>Sunbury Lock Ait is the ait  in the River Thames in England adjacent to Sunbury Lock between Walton-on-Thames, and Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey. It is unpopulated, but accessible by a footbridge over the lock cut from a wide section of the Thames Path towpath on the southern bank as well as walkways on the lock gates. Thirdly, a walkway links to Wheatley&#39;s Ait upstream, across the weir, but this is closed to the public. The quite long, thin island is inaccessible from Sunbury-on-Thames where it faces a long section of public riverbank, a few private conservation area Victorian terraces with moorings and two pubs also with moorings.</p><br>
<p>The lock island existed before the widening and deepening of the lock cut (navigation). It was for centuries known as "Sunbury Church Ait" until the City of London Corporation purchased it from about six proprietors to build the lock, which was completed in 1815, although a flash weir had been in existence since at least the 18th century. The footbridge and old lock house are where the lock originally sat, upstream of the present locks.</p><br>
<p>The Island has trees, ferns and brambles, the Middle Thames Yacht (motor boat) Club and a private boat mending yard.</p><br>
<p>Stanton Hall, also known as Belfast, is an Antebellum Classical Revival mansion at 401 High Street in Natchez, Mississippi. Built in the 1850s, it is one of the most opulent antebellum mansions to survive in the southeastern United States. It is now operated as a historic house museum by the Pilgrimage Garden Club. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 and a Mississippi Landmark in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Stanton Hall occupies an entire 2 acre city block north of downtown Natchez, bounded by High, Commerce, Monroe, and Pearl Streets. The property is ringed by wrought iron fencing with elaborate gate posts. The house is a two story brick structure, plastered and painted white. Its front entrance features a two-story Greek temple portico, with four fluted Corinthian columns supporting an entablature and gabled pediment. Spaces between the columns have decorative iron railings, repeated in a second-floor balcony railing set under the portico. The main roof is hipped, and truncated with a large cupola at the center. The interior is elaborately decorated, using materials such as imported Italian marble, and chandeliers made of glass and bronze.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stanton Hall was built during 1851–57 for Frederick Stanton, a cotton broker, as a replica of his ancestral home in Ireland. Stanton named it "Belfast", but only lived in it a short time before he died. The house&#39;s scale and opulence made it a great financial burden on his heirs, but it survived the American Civil War, and in 1890 was made home to the Stanton College for Young Ladies. In 1940 it was acquired by the Pilgrimage Garden Club, which uses it as its headquarters and operates it as a museum and event venue.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion serves as a design for Disneyland&#39;s Haunted Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The houses insides have appeared in ABCs mini-series North and South as the Mains&#39; mansion interiors. The house was also seen briefly in Show Boat (1951).</p><br>
<p>In South and West: From a Notebook, Joan Didion writes that Ben Toledano&#39;s wife suggested she visit Stanton Hall as well as the Asphodel Plantation, the Oakley Plantation and the Rosedown Plantation to understand the South better.</p><br>
<p>"Barncastle", also known as Kline Cottage, is a historic house, now an inn and restaurant, at 125 South Street in Blue Hill, Maine, United States. It is one of the earliest and largest summer cottages in Blue Hill, and remains one of its most visible and idiosyncratic. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and originally called "Ideal Lodge" after the opera company founded by its builder, Effie Hinckley Ober, the house was finished in 1886 to a design by George Asa Clough, Blue Hill native and noted Boston architect.</p><br>
<p>Entirely engulfing a smaller Cape Cod-style house owned by Effies mother Mary Peters Hinckley Ober Atherton, a descendant of early Blue Hill settlers, Cloughs design derived from notable buildings of his more famous contemporaries: the massing of the main block was based on a cottage by W.R. Emerson, and the landmark arch-and-turret link between kitchen wing and carriage barn strongly recalls familiar works by McKim, Mead and White at Narragansett Pier and Mamaroneck. The building has some idiosyncratic elements, including its central staircase, which rises in stages to an area featuring an interior window and balcony, and a modest bellcast-topped turret that rises from its main facade.</p><br>
<p>Originally painted barn red with cream trim like its neighbor, (Parker House, also remodeled by Clough and also on the National Register), "Barncastle" is a fitting and graceful name for this rambling, gambrel-roofed shingle-style cottage.</p><br>
<p>Now housing an inn and restaurant, Barncastle was listed on the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Pound Farmstead, also known as the Dr. Pound Pioneer Farmstead, is a historic farm located in Hays County, Texas United States. The original 750 acre farm was founded by Doctor Joseph McKegg Pound and his wife Sarah in 1854 in an unsettled area of Central Texas, now located in the City of Dripping Springs. The farmstead is currently a museum about the life and times of Dr. Pound, his family and descendants. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Pound first came to Texas 1847 to fight in the Mexican-American War. He returned to Kentucky to pursue his medical education. In 1853, he returned to Texas with his wife, Sarah, along with two other families, John Lee and Malvina Wallace and daughter, Carrie; and John Lauter and Indiana "Nannie" Moss and son, Joseph. Dr. Pound first bought acreage near Henly; however, by December 1854, he sold his holdings there and purchased the land in what would become Dripping Springs. It is believed the spot for the farm was chosen because it was on the road connecting Austin to Fort Martin Scott in Fredericksburg.</p><br>
<p>The original Pound Home, the oldest existing building in Dripping Springs, was built as a "dog-trot" style log cabin, but was expanded to make room for Dr. Pound&#39;s medical practice. Dr. Pound was the earliest doctor in Hays County. The Pound house served as a medical office and hospital, church, schoolhouse, post office and social gathering place for the fledgling community of Dripping Springs. Dr. Pound also insisted on treating the local Indians with respect, and due to this was never raided.</p><br>
<p>The Pounds had nine children. Four generations of the family occupied the farmstead over a period of 130 years, until 1983. The property was donated to the City of Dripping Springs in 1987. In 1990, restorations on the house began. The Dr. Joseph M. and Sarah Pound Historical Museum opened in May 2003 and is part of Founder&#39;s Park.</p><br>
<p>Saint Clements Church is a historic Anglo-Catholic parish in Philadelphia, and is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania. On November 20, 1970, Saint Clements Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 13, 1855, a charter was granted to “The Rector, Churchwardens, and Vestrymen of St. Clement’s Church in the City of Philadelphia”. The first rector was the Rev’d Henry S. Spackman, who was elected as soon as the first charter was received. His incumbency began officially on January 1, 1856. The cornerstone of the church building was laid on May 12, 1856, by the Rt. Rev’d Alonzo Potter, third Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The land on which St. Clement’s was built was furnished by William S. Wilson, a Presbyterian and an Englishman, who with his two brothers came to this country and made a fortune as a manufacturer. He owned most of the land in the section of the city where St. Clement’s now stands, and his interest was directed to the development of a residential area by building row houses on Arch, Race and Twentieth Streets. He was eager that a church should be built, not so much because of any religious devotion on his part, but because he felt the erection of a church would greatly enhance the attractiveness of his residential projects.</p><br>
<p>St. Clement&#39;s was the third Episcopal church to be designed by architect John Notman and built in Philadelphia between 1847 and 1859. He also designed St. Mark’s Church on Locust Street, the Church of the Holy Trinity on Rittenhouse Square and, with Napoleon Le Brun, was associate architect for the Roman Catholic Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul on Logan Square. In accordance with the architectural wisdom of the time, Notman maintained that the Gothic Revival style was best suited towards the liturgical worship of High Church congregations, while Romanesque Revival architecture was better suited for the conventional Low Church worship of mainstream Episcopal congregations. Unlike St Mark’s, which was erected for a High Church congregation and built in the Gothic Revival style, St. Clement’s was originally designed for a typical Low Church Episcopal congregation, and like the Church of the Holy Trinity, was designed in the Romanesque Revival style. Like its two nearby sisters, St. Clement’s was built entirely of brownstone. Its bell tower was originally topped by an impressive spire of over 200 feet in height. The weight of the spire was more than the foundation could support, and it was removed from the structure in 1869 in order to prevent damaging the foundation.</p><br>
<p>When the cornerstone was laid St. Clement’s was almost in the fields. The block between Arch and Race Streets had been, from about 1808 into the 1830s, the site of Sans Souci Garden, the largest for-profit botanical haven within the current-day confines of Center City. It had boasted a fine hotel at which visitors were furnished with fruit from the garden greenhouses as part of their refreshments. The garden was respected for its botanical collection; a portion of William Hamilton’s private collection—developed at the Woodlans in West Philadelphia—wound up there. The resort was also immediately south of the Magdalene Asylum (a private charitable organization for the redemption of prostitutes) and the Pennsylvania Asylum for the Blind—illustrating how such institutions were established outside of the populated sectors of the city.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1850s, few houses yet existed nearby and large tracts of open lots surrounded the ground that had been secured for the church. The grid of streets had hardly expanded westward as far as 20th Street and there was no City Hall in the Center Square. The Pennsylvania Railroad Terminal was located at 11th and Market Streets, and there was a covered wooden bridge over the Schuylkill River.</p><br>
<p>The building of St. Clement’s Church lasted three years because of recurring financial difficulties. Contemporary evidence indicates that at one time all work was stopped and the building stood roofless for a long period. It was finally opened for services on the first Sunday in January 1859. There is no record of any services for the congregation before the opening of the new building. The Church was consecrated on April 12, 1864. Bishop Potter again officiated and was assisted by Bishop Stevens, Bishop Suffragan in the Diocese, and by Bishop Lee of Delaware.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the arrival of Fr. Hermon Griswold Batterson in 1869 that the parish increasingly came to be influenced by the theology of the Oxford Movement. During Fr. Batterson&#39;s time as rector, the parish adopted many of the liturgical practices associated with the Catholic Revival then taking place within the Church of England. These changes, which included liturgical practices such as the wearing of colored chasubles and stoles, placing lit candles on the altar during Mass, and genuflecting before the Blessed Sacrament, together with new theological emphases, including the encouragement of private auricular confession and absolution and encouraging prayer for the dead, were not uncontroversial.</p><br>
<p>As conflict over Fr. Battersons changes escalated, the parish became divided between two factions. The anti-Catholic low church faction was led by several vestrymen who had the public support of the diocesan bishop, the Rt. Revd William Bacon Stevens. The Anglo-Catholic faction rallied in support Fr. Batterson as the anti-Catholic faction tried to remove him from office as rector.</p><br>
<p>Despite having the support of the ordinary as well as that of the vast majority of the people and clergy of the diocese, the anti-Catholic faction was unable to use the judicial processes prescribed in the canons to remove Fr. Batterson from office as rector, and eventually the vestry, with the support of Bishop Stevens, voted to remove Fr. Batterson (and his curate) from office without the requisite canonical trial. The manner in which Fr. Batterson was dismissed, circumventing the proper procedures after forcing the parish to endure more than a year of internal conflict, caused the anti-Catholic faction to lose significant support among parishioners. As a result, control of the vestry shifted after the annual election of vestrymen when a number of Anglo-Catholic candidates defeated the incumbent anti-Catholic vestrymen. Later in the year, the vestry went on to elect Fr. Theodore M. Riley, an Anglo-Catholic, as the fourth rector of St. Clement&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>The catholicization of the parish continued during the tenure of the Society of St. John the Evangelist (SSJE), more commonly known as the Cowley Fathers, who were responsible for the parish from 1876 to 1891. Some maintain that the work of the Fathers and the entire St Clement’s community among the poor and needy in Philadelphia may have influenced the Diocesan authorities to moderate their criticism of the “high church” parish. Father Charles Neale Field, one of the assistant priests sent to St. Clement’s from Cowley in 1882, established the Guild of the Iron Cross for Working Men and Boys during this time, eventually drawing thousands of working men from all over the United States into its membership. His intent was to create a “crusade against Blasphemy, Impurity and Intemperance among working men themselves” and posed the question "Are we by our lives and teachings preaching the gospel to the poor?" The guild was a recreational as well as a religious association. The jovial cleric from Yorkshire established the Iron Cross Parlor and Gymnasium in 1889, and he often took large groups of boys and men for outings at various parks and places out in the country. St. Clement’s was located near the great Baldwin Locomotive Works on Spring Garden Street and other nearby factories and workshops, so its congregation was surely made up of many working families whose fathers and sons were members of the Iron Cross Guild.</p><br>
<p>It has also been widely said that St. Clement’s was one of the first Episcopal parishes in the city to be integrated. While direct evidence is scanty, unlike its neighboring parishes of St. Mark’s and Holy Trinity and numerous other Philadelphia churches, St. Clement’s never established a separate "mission church" for African-Americans. Also, Fr. Field had come to St. Clement&#39;s and established his outreach to the workers of the city having already become known for his ministry to persons of color, so the church already had a long tradition of tolerance and inclusion.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, one long cherished wish of Father Basil Maturin, rector from 1881 to 1889, and his assistant priests, was for the establishment of a hospital for adults. Beginning the work by opening a dispensary in a nearby house in 1885, the plan was to have evening hours so that the working people could benefit. The only requirement for treatment was to be poor and sick. By 1890, the hospital facility had moved to Cherry Street and expanded its services beyond the capacity of the parish to sustain them financially. After a brief period of retrenchment and use of the hospital exclusively to treat epileptics, in 1899 the building was sold to the Community of The All Saints Sisters of the Poor, to be used as a mission house.</p><br>
<p>The Cowley Fathers had withdrawn from St. Clement’s in 1891 to focus their American work and ministry in Boston and, in 1895, the Rev’d George Moffett became rector. His coming ushered in a new era of prosperity for the church. He built the present clergy house; began perpetual reservation of the Blessed Sacrament in the crypt chapel; was the first to use the term “Mass” officially in the parish; put the first side altar in the church, and moved the baptistry from the head of the south aisle to the rear of the north aisle. Fr. Moffett served until his death in 1904. In 1895, Saint Clement’s became the first parish in the Diocese of Pennsylvania to institute perpetual reservation of the Blessed Sacrament.</p><br>
<p>The latter part of the 20th century saw a significant change in the church congregation as the nearby factories and other industrial and commercial establishments closed, families moved to the suburbs or farther away and the parish neighborhood changed profoundly. St. Clement’s evolved from a parish church to a shrine church, its outreach and membership becoming more regional and its pews filled on great feast days with worshippers often traveling great distances to partake of the traditional Masses that have continued.</p><br>
<p>Today, as its parish neighborhood is revitalized and new, young singles, students and families settle nearby, St. Clement’s continues as an inclusive community rooted in the Anglo-Catholic tradition. The church still emphasizes the Episcopal Church’s continuity with Catholicism prior to the English Reformation. St. Clement’s therefore offers lavish worship and music with full Catholic ceremonial, including incense, bells, processions, chanting, and a professional choir. Mass is celebrated daily using the English Missal and the poetic English of the King James Bible, enhanced on Sundays and major feasts with classical music.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The location and orientation of the site on which St. Clement&#39;s was built posed a significant problem for the design of the church. The west end of the site, where the main façade and doors would typically be located, was in the middle of a city block. For Notman, the easy solution would have been to reverse the church, erecting the main entrance on the east side of the lot and the apse on the west side. However, this would have altered the eastward orientation of the building. Instead, Notman retained the apse on the east side of the church and incorporated it into the main façade.</p><br>
<p>The main façade is dominated by the bell tower and the assertive semi-circular apse, which features a blind arcade of simple columns and Romanesque arches. The blind arcade is broken at both ends by large stained glass windows. Just north of the apse exists the bell tower, which was originally topped by an impressive spire of over 200 feet in height. The weight of the spire was more than the foundation could support, and it was removed from the structure in 1869 in order to prevent damaging the foundation.</p><br>
<p>The nave of the church is of rectangular floor plan and possesses impressive height. The windows are contained within arched bays in the Romanesque style. Buttresses, topped by gablets with decorative carved reverse Ogee arches, separate each bay. Both the roof of the nave and of the apse are of grey slate. Along the ridge of the nave roof at both the east and west ends exist cupolas of carved brownstone, each surmounted by a carved stone cross.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the roof of the apse was raised some fifteen feet with the installation of a clerestory. This renovation was necessary in order to accommodate the installation of the triptych that currently stands above the high altar. While the clerestory windows mirror the Romanesque arches of the blind arcade, the elaborate exterior stonework above the clerestory windows incorporates forms found in both Gothic and Romanesque styles. Also completed about this time was the complete rebuilding of the roof and roof trusses of the nave, the original having been proved to be significantly deteriorated and unsafe.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the City of Philadelphia undertook a project to widen North 20th Street by some forty feet. S. Clement’s Church was in the middle of the proposed expansion. Facing the prospect of having to demolish the church, the vestry undertook a project to move it. Two additional properties behind the church were purchased, and the 5,500 ton structure was raised onto steel beams, moved forty feet to the west, and placed onto a newly built foundation.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is dominated by the large carved oak reredos and triptych, installed in 1908, which stand above the high altar. The central panel of the triptych depicts Christ on the cross, clothed in the vestments of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, with the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. John the Apostle at the foot of the cross. South of the sanctuary is the Lady Chapel, which features an altar and reredos of English red stone. The central niche of the reredos contains a statue of the Virgin and Child while the two side niches contain statues of St. Joseph and St. Elizabeth with St. John the Baptist. Located in the nave, the Shrine of Our Lady of Clemency climbs to a height of some twenty-five feet and features a statue of the Blessed Virgin depicted as Queen of Heaven replete with crown and sceptre. The nave also contains shrines dedicated to the churchs major patron, Pope St. Clement I, pope from 88-97 AD, and to the churchs minor patron, St. Catherine of Alexandria. The church’s four manual, 51 rank pipe organ is Austin Organ Company Opus 507, which was originally installed in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Liturgy</h2><br>
<p>Saint Clement&#39;s uses the English Missal, an English language translation of the Tridentine Mass as it existed prior to the 1955 liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII. Today, Low Mass is offered every day, using a liturgy based on the Anglican Missal and Book of Common Prayer (1928 American edition). A High Mass or Sung Mass is celebrated every Sunday of the year and on most major feasts. From Monday through Saturday, Evening Prayer is recited according to the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer is offered, followed by the novena prayers at the Shrine of Our Lady of Clemency.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors</h2><br>
<p>Henry S. Spackman 1856-1863</p><br>
<p>Treadwell Walden 1863-1868</p><br>
<p>Hermon Griswold Batterson 1869-1872</p><br>
<p>Theodore M. Riley 1872-1875</p><br>
<p>Oliver S. Prescott SSJE 1876-1881</p><br>
<p>Basil W. Maturin SSJE 1881-1889</p><br>
<p>Duncan Convers SSJE 1889-1891</p><br>
<p>John M. Davenport 1891-1893</p><br>
<p>Alfred Bowyer Sharpe 1893-1895</p><br>
<p>George Moffett, March, 1895-November, 1904</p><br>
<p>Charles S. Hutchinson 1905-1920</p><br>
<p>Franklin Joiner 1920-1955</p><br>
<p>William Elwell 1955-1964</p><br>
<p>Edward Oscar Hendricks 1965-1978</p><br>
<p>Francis FitzHugh, SSC 1979-1984</p><br>
<p>Peter Laister 1986-1993</p><br>
<p>Barry E. B. Swain 1993-2001</p><br>
<p>W. Gordon Reid 2004-2014</p><br>
<p>Richard Alton 2014-</p><br>
<p>The Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Site is a historic Choctaw Native American gathering place in rural Noxubee County, Mississippi. Located near a freshwater spring above the floodplain of Dancing Rabbit Creek in the southwestern part of the county, it was the site of a treaty negotiation between the Choctaw and the federal government in 1830, resulting in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, in which the Choctaw agreed to surrender their ancestral lands for territory in what is now Oklahoma. It was the first treaty negotiated after passage of the Indian Removal Act, and served as a model for other treaties passed pursuant to that act. It also led to the Choctaw Trail of Tears. The site, now marked by a stone memorial and a small Choctaw cemetery, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dancing Rabbit Creek Treaty Site is located in a remote wooded area of southwestern Noxubee County, on the southeast side of Dancing Rabbit Creek. It is accessed via Monument Road, where the commemorative marker and cemetery mark the center of the landmarked area. There are no historical structures standing in the area, although there was at the time of the treaty negotiation a Choctaw meeting house which was the central point of the meeting that culminated in the treaty signing. The granite marker was placed in 1928 by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It soon became the focus of Choctaw commemorative activities, including the burial of some of their dead. The marker&#39;s placement was based on research conducted in the late 19th century by Henry S. Halbert, a Choctaw historian, that included oral histories from witnesses and individuals who had known witnesses to the proceedings.</p><br>
<p>The Choctaw were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" of the southeastern United States, which had to some extent adopted Euro-American customs, and developed an independent tribal government system including a constitution. Despite this, pressure from white settlers for their lands (historically including parts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) had prompted the tribe to ceded some of its lands in the 1820s. President Andrew Jackson, upon taking office in 1828, sought the removal of the Choctaw and other southeastern tribes to lands in what was then termed the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. The treaty negotiations with the Choctaw took place between September 15 and 27, 1830. The proceedings were attended by several thousand Choctaw, a number of opportunistic white entrepreneurs, who offered gambling, drink, and other vices to the assemblage, and John H. Eaton and John Coffee, the federal government representatives. Many Choctaw expressed disapproval of the treaty offered for consideration on September 22, and a large number left the encampment over the next few days. Three major chiefs signed the treaty, under a questionable set of conditions that may have included threats, bribery, and extortion. The vast majority of Choctaw were removed to Oklahoma in 1831-33.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: State</p><br>
<p>The Winterville Site (22 WS 500) is a major archaeological site in unincorporated Washington County, Mississippi, north of Greenville. It consists of major earthwork monuments, including more than twelve large platform mounds and cleared and filled plazas. It is the type site for the Winterville Phase (1200 to 1400) of the Lower Yazoo Basin region of the Plaquemine Mississippian culture. Protected as a state park, it has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. In June 2015 the state authorized $300,000 to restore the mounds to their pre-Columbian condition and add walking trails to the park. The site also includes a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Winterville Mounds</h2><br>
<p>Winterville Mounds, named for the nearby town of Winterville, Mississippi, is the site of a prehistoric ceremonial center built by Native Americans of the Plaquemine culture, the regional variation of the Mississippian culture. This civilization thrived from about 1000 to 1450CE. The mounds, an expression of the Winterville society&#39;s religious and political system, were the site of sacred structures and ceremonies. They were built between 1200 and 1250. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Winterville people lived away from the mound center on family farms in scattered settlement districts throughout the Yazoo-Mississippi River Delta basin. Only a few of the higher-ranking tribal officials lived at this mound complex.</p><br>
<p>The Winterville ceremonial center originally contained at least twenty-three platform mounds surrounding several large, filled and smoothed plazas. Some of the mounds located outside current park boundaries were leveled by farming and highway construction before the site became protected as Winterville State Park. Twelve of the sites largest mounds, including the 55 ft high Temple Mound, are the focus in the early 21st century of a long-range preservation plan being developed by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History and the University of Mississippis Center for Archaeological Research. In June 2015 the state legislature authorized $300,000 for a project to restore the mounds to their pre-Columbian condition. Trees and brush will be removed. In addition, two walking trails will be added to the park.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence indicates that there are continuities in culture between the residents of the Winterville Mounds and the later Natchez Indians, a Mississippi tribe documented by French explorers and settlers in the early 18th century. The Natchez Indians society was divided into upper and lower ranks, with a persons social rank determined by heredity through the female line. The chief and other tribal officials inherited their positions as members of the royal family. Such an elaborate leadership network was able to direct the mound building at Winterville by an organized civilian labor force. However, there is no evidence of a large residential population at this site or other similar sites. This lack of artifacts and remains indicates that this site was mostly used for ceremonial purposes.</p><br>
<p>A great fire during the late 14th century consumed the original building on the Temple Mound at Winterville. According to archaeological evidence, the cause of the fire remains a mystery. The site continued to be used afterward, but no more mounds were built or maintained. Although the site continued to be occupied after the fire, the general population declined at Winterville while increasing at settlements and mound sites 50 miles to the south, in the lower Yazoo River basin. By AD 1450 the Winterville Mound site appears to have been abandoned completely. The period of the site&#39;s greatest florescence was used by archaeologists as the basis for describing the Winterville Phase (1200 to 1400 CE) of the Lower Yazoo Basin region.</p><br>
<p>The first modern archaeological excavations at the Winterville Site were conducted in the 1940s by the National Park Service and Harvard University&#39;s Lower Mississippi Survey. Jeffrey P. Brain directed excavations at Winterville in 1967 and his report, Winterville: Late Prehistoric Culture Contact in the Lower Mississippi Valley, was published in 1989 by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Burials and structural remains were found at the site, along with items such as ceramic and stone artifacts, which can be seen at the Winterville Museum in the park.</p><br>
<p>Winterville Mounds was dedicated as a Mississippi state park in March 1969. The site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Culture, phase and chronological table for the Winterville Site</h2><br>
<h3>Pottery</h3><br>
<p>The Winterville people made pottery by building up strips of clay, and then smoothing them out, much like other pottery in the Eastern American area where the potters wheel was unknown. Pottery was tempered with ground mussel shell, grit, grog, and angular bits of clay. Surface treatment ranged from carelessly polished to very finely polished. Forms for the pottery range from shallow plate like bowls to beakers and jars, with some pieces having animal effigies for handles. Surface decorations range from plain to incised S.E.C.C. designs.</p><br>
<p>Most pottery found at the Winterville Site are of the kinds known as Addis Plain var. Addis, Addis Plain var. Greenville and Addis Plain var. Holly Bluff. Some of the Mississippian culture pottery found at the Winterville site is believed to have been imported from other Mississippian societies (possibly from Cahokia or Cahokian-influenced peoples). Examples of these are pieces of pottery from the Nodena Red and White var. Dumond and Walls Engraved var. Walls. These examples have distinctive red and white slips, thinner walls, and more finely finished surfaces than locally produced wares and may have been valued for their exotic qualities and fine workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The Eudora Welty House at 1119 Pinehurst Street in Jackson, Mississippi was the home of author Eudora Welty for nearly 80 years. It was built by her parents in 1925. In it she did all her writing, in an upstairs bedroom. Welty created the garden over decades. The house was first declared a Mississippi Landmark in 2001, This was part of a raised awareness of the significance of authors and literary life in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored by the Eudora Welty Foundation and State of Mississippi. In 2006 the house and garden were opened to the public as an authors house museum. The renovation of the house and garden is part of a larger effort to celebrate and promote Mississippis literary heritage as a means of developing tourism to the state.</p><br>
<h2>Garden</h2><br>
<p>This garden was designed by Chestina Welty, Eudora Welty’s mother in 1925. The garden was often referred to by Eudora and her mother as a labor of love. It is located in the back of Eudora Welty’s childhood home and is a popular tourist attraction. Visitors are able to come and explore the vast amount of different types of flowers growing in the garden. The garden has a rose garden section, woodland garden section and a camellia flower collection. Chestina Welty put enormous effort into the design of the garden, she wanted a different type of flower to blossom for each season. For example, hollyhocks usually appear in the garden during the summer months. Some of the flowers in this garden even appear in Eudora Welty’s stories, such as Flowers for Marjorie.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>On December 18, 2014, a fire occurred at Commons Hall, which is located on the same grounds as Eudora Welty’s birthplace. Commons Hall is a place that people use to host family reunions, parties, weddings, wedding receptions and many other types of social events. The fire was first noticed by a Commons Hall employee at approximately 7:30 a.m., it started in the fireplace chimney and ended up traveling to the attic. The fire was ruled to be accident by investigators. No individuals were hurt and no historic artifacts were damaged. However, severe damage was done to the building itself that will cost around a million dollars to fix.</p><br>
<p>Kenworthy Hall, also known as the Carlisle-Martin House, Carlisle Hall and Edward Kenworthy Carlisle House, is a plantation house located on the north side of Alabama Highway 14, two miles west of the Marion courthouse square. It was built from 1858 to 1860 and is one of the best preserved examples of Richard Upjohns distinctive asymmetrical Italian villa style. It is the only surviving residential example of Upjohns Italian villa style that was especially designed to suit the Southern climate and the plantation lifestyle. It has a massive four-story tower, windows of variable size and shape with brownstone trim, and a distinctly Southern division of family and public spaces. The building was designed and constructed for Edward Kenworthy Carlisle as his primary family residence and the centerpiece of his 440 acre estate. The house and a purported ghost are featured as a short story in Kathryn Tucker Windham&#39;s 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edward Kenworthy Carlisle was born in 1810 near Augusta, Georgia. He migrated with his mother, Susan Curry Carlisle, to Perry County, Alabama as a young man. His mother had family members who were established cotton planters in the area. He married Lucinda Wilson Walthall in 1841. Carlisle eventually became a large landholder and also established himself as a cotton factor. In 1858 he decided to build an estate indicative of his family&#39;s Black Belt social standing. He first wrote to Upjohn on 4 May 1858 in a letter that stated "Desiring to build a house, a country residence, and at a loss for a plan, we address you as a well known Architect to ask you to draw us a plan, a rough sketch at first, which we hope may result in a suitable plan."</p><br>
<p>The plans for Kenworthy Hall evolved over the course of the next several months, with the plans continuing to be worked on through correspondence even as the brownstone trim, shipped from New York, began to arrive at the site. Carlisle had difficulty in finding labor skilled enough for such an ambitious house, but he finally found a master mason, Philip Bond, in November 1858 and work then commenced. Bond estimated that the brickwork would be completed by June 1859. The family had moved into the house by 1860.</p><br>
<p>The American Civil War arrived in 1861 and Carlisle continued to have success in his many business ventures. One of his cotton trading firms, Carlisle and Humphries, actually saw profits increase during the Union blockade. His fortunes abruptly changed after the war, however, and his taxable property was valued at less than $20,000. The Kenworthy Hall property itself was valued at only $9000 in 1867. He entered into a business relationship in nearby Selma with his son, Edward Carlisle, Jr., and his son-in-law, Alexander Jones. They went on to found the City National Bank in 1871. Carlisle then died in 1873, leaving the property to his wife, Lucinda, who divided her time between it and a home in Selma. She increasingly used Kenworthy as a summer residence only and gave it to her only surviving child, Augusta Carlisle Jones, in 1899.</p><br>
<p>Lucinda died in 1912 and in 1914 Augusta sold the property. The property went through a series of owners after that and went into a general decline. The house lost both of the original porches during this period. The house had various times that it stood vacant. The house was completely vacant for much of the 1950s and experienced a great deal of vandalism. It was at that time that the plasterwork was mutilated, many marble mantles were broken, and the stained glass destroyed, though it all had been partially documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934. During these various periods of vacancy the local population began to tell stories of the house being haunted and one of these stories was later recorded by Kathryn Tucker Windham in a short story entitled "The Faithful Vigil at Carlisle Hall," which she printed in her first book of ghost stories, 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey. The story involves the purported ghost of a young woman in the fourth floor tower room, who awaits the return of her lover.</p><br>
<p>The house and 19 acre was purchased by Karen Klassen of Birmingham for $4000 in 1957 and for the next decade she did what she could to restore the house. In 1967 the Martin family bought the property and spent the next thirty years restoring it. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 and the Historic American Buildings Survey spent the part of the summer in 1997 preparing drawings and taking new photographs. The Martins both died not long afterwards. The Martin heirs sold the house in 2001 to a new family. The house, along with four surviving ancillary structures, was declared a National Historic Landmark on August 18, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kenworthy Hall is closely related to a series of Italian villa style residences that Upjohn designed in the Atlantic Northeast, most notably the Edward King House in Newport, Rhode Island. But in this house Upjohn designed a residence adapted to a hot, humid climate and a plantation lifestyle. The most obvious adaptations were the wide cross hall at the rear of the main entrance hall, the detached kitchen, and the full width rear porch. Edward Carlisle&#39;s correspondence with Upjohn stressed that the house use the finest materials and the best construction. The house is built in brick, including the interior walls. The original standing-seam terne roof survives to the present. Kenworthy Hall features a partial basement, three separate stairways, three large hallways, seven major rooms on the first floor, six major rooms on the second floor, a large attic, a third floor tower room, and a fourth floor tower room. Ancillary structures that contribute to the National Historic Landmark status of the house include the detached two-room brick kitchen, a brick smokehouse, a partially buried brick water cistern, and a brick and wood well house. The house also originally had its own gas plant for gas lighting, though this is now marked only by a brick and brownstone platform.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls of the house are built from a dull red brick that was locally made. The bricks are laid in a stretcher bond pattern, with belt courses of brownstone above the foundation and at each floor level. The windows on the house, all sixty-four of them, feature brownstone headers and windowsills. Most of them, except for those under the original first floor porches and in the kitchen building, feature round or segmental arches. Brick panels are inserted below the windowsills of the parlor, sitting room, and all twelve of the fourth-floor tower windows. The tower features a bracketed balcony at the second floor level, with a metal canopy roof. This type of balcony was a signature of Upjohn&#39;s Italian villa style. The roof is a low-pitched hipped and truncated structure with wide eaves. The eaves have an overhang of three feet and are decorated by flat wooden brackets. Two skylights, original to the house, are mounted on the flat portion of the roof. The roof also features four brick chimneys, capped with brownstone and serving twelve fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The original porches, both originally referred to as piazzas, featured multiple arched wooden bays separated and supported by miniature Corinthian columns on pedestals. The front piazza was replaced by a far simpler structure after 1912, the rear one was taken down in the 1940s and was never rebuilt. Some of the components were stored at that time and have survived, with reconstruction contemplated by the current owners. The rear piazza originally connected to the detached kitchen by means of an elevated covered walkway, of a slightly simpler design than the piazzas. The main entrance doors are set into a Serliana brownstone arch. The doors are set under an arched glass fanlight with the sidelights placed in straight-topped transoms to either side. The front of the house also has a "family" entrance to the left of the tower, entered through a small arched loggia. The rear elevation has a centrally placed set of entry doors that enter the building behind the main staircase. The rear of the house also has an exterior service entry that opens into the servant&#39;s hallway and staircase.</p><br>
<p>An extensive use was made in the interior of decoratively carved cabinetry, oak moldings, decorative plasterwork, and one of the Deep South&#39;s first uses of ornamental stained glass. The stained glass is believed to have been produced by an early American ornamental stained glass company, that of Henry Sharp and Company of New York City. It was featured in the arched transom and sidelights of the main doors, as well as the large arched window over the main staircase landing. The glass was destroyed by vandals in the 1950s, as was many of the plasterwork ceiling medallions. The entire house has original 5 in heart pine floors.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor features a 26 ft by 13 ft entrance hall that is joined to form a T-shape with a cross hall at the back measuring 13 feet wide and 27 feet long. The cross hall is centered on the main oak staircase. Both halls employ large ornamental oak arches to visually define the spaces. The parlor is entered from the right side of the entrance hall and has an ornate plasterwork cornice with a central ceiling medallion. It measures roughly 18 by 26 feet. The sitting room is across the hall on the left and measures 18 by 18 feet. The octagonal library is entered from the east end of the cross hall. The library is furnished by a pair of built-in arched bookcases, features an elaborately molded plasterwork cornice, and measures roughly 18 by 22 feet. The dining room is on the opposite end of the cross hall and is the same size as the parlor. Other rooms on this floor include the smoking room, sewing room, a large butler&#39;s pantry and adjacent storage room.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main staircase, there is a servants hall with its own staircase and an elliptical family staircase just off of the family entrance. The second floor features a central cross hall that corresponds exactly to the one below. Around it are clustered an upstairs sitting room, five bedrooms, and a linen room. The upstairs sitting room has a small adjoining chamber and direct access to the servants staircase. Two of the front bedrooms have large adjoining dressing rooms that are original to the plan. A large trunk room between the upstairs family hall and the two front bedrooms has been converted into a bathroom. The family staircase on this floor continues up to a landing that opens into a former servants room measuring roughly 19 by 19 feet on the third floor of the tower. This landing also has an entrance door into the attic. The fourth floor tower is accessed by a straight flight of stairs located just outside the servants room and the third floor landing. This room measures the same as the servant&#39;s room below and has three arched casement windows on each wall for a total of twelve.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Morgan Bridge, also known as the 11th Street Bridge or City Waterway Bridge, is a vertical-lift bridge in Tacoma, Washington. It originally opened Feb. 15, 1913 to replace an 1894 swing-span bridge. The bridge connects downtown with the tideflats, it spans the Thea Foss Waterway, originally known as the City Waterway. Designed by noted bridge engineering firm Waddell & Harrington, the bridge has some unusual features: higher above the water than most lift bridges, construction on a variable grade and an overhead span designed to carry a water pipe. The bridge structure also contained a wooden road which connected what is now Cliff Street with Dock Street. According to the Department of Transportation, the towers are 207 1"  above the water, with the road deck 60 above the water level at zero tide. It was modified and updated in 1957 and was used to route State Route 509 through the tideflats. The bridge was bypassed in the late 1990s when State Route 509 was routed around the edge of the tideflats . While WSDOT wanted to tear down the bridge, the City of Tacoma convinced the state to transfer ownership to the City. In the past, the bridge has been heavily used by commuters and emergency services in connecting the Port of Tacoma with downtown Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the bridge was closed because of safety concerns and the general wear and tear that the bridge had suffered in its near 100-year lifespan. Soon afterwards, the city began a large rehabilitation project to completely overhaul all aspects of the bridge. In 2010, the bridge began periodically opening to bikes and pedestrians. In February 2013, the bridge re-opened to all traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as the 11th Street Bridge, it was renamed May 21, 1997, to honor Tacoma-born Murray Morgan (1916–2000), the best-known Pacific Northwest historian of his generation, and author of "Skid Road", a history of Seattle, Washington. Morgan was a bridge tender on the bridge during the 1950s. In fact, he wrote most of "Skid Road" during quiet periods on the job.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was officially closed to vehicles on October 23, 2007, due to "life safety concerns". The bridge re-opened February 2013 after a large rehabilitation project.</p><br>
<h2>Opening</h2><br>
<p>On February 1, 2013, the bridge re-opened after a large rehabilitation project was completely finished. Down from four lanes to two, the bridge is now solid black (its original color) and features antique-esque lighting (actually LED bulbs) to celebrate the bridges centennial anniversary. The outer two lanes were converted to larger pedestrian paths and bike lanes. An elevator connects pedestrians and bikes to Dock Street below the bridge. The bridges environmental impact has been lessened; a new water runoff system routes rainwater to tanks that contribute to a rain garden on the east side of the bridge. The computers, cables, and motors that operate the lift in the center of the structure were also updated.</p><br>
<h2>Damage</h2><br>
<p>On December 15, 2010 it was discovered that thieves had broken into the mechanical room and stolen wiring from the control panel used to raise the bridge for ship traffic on the Foss Waterway. As part of the rehabilitation project, the computers and electrics in the bridge were replaced.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lagunita is an artificial dry lake in Stanford University, California, located on the western side of the Stanford campus near the Lagunita residences.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>During winters with normal rainfall, the lake used to be filled by diversion from San Francisquito Creek to a three-meter depth along with artificial water level maintenance, allowing recreational use by students. However, the lake has not been artificially filled since the late 1990s, due to problems either with the lake&#39;s damming walls or with conservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>As the lake is no longer permanently filled, it serves as a drainage basin and contains vernal pools throughout the winter and spring months. It is during this time that it serves as a vital breeding ground for many amphibians.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Those who enjoy exercise can take advantage of the lake&#39;s scenic perimeter to jog or walk without distraction on the 0.9 mi trail. Many dormitory residences, row houses, and several fraternities are located near the lake, including the Lagunita residences, Roble Hall, Enchanted Broccoli Forest (EBF), Narnia, Kappa Alpha, and Jerry.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Amphibians:</p><br>
<p>California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense): During the winter, the lake is the breeding ground for a population of California tiger salamanders, which are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. However, the Lagunita population is believed to be at greater risk because individuals are frequently killed on nearby Junipero Serra Boulevard during their migrations to and from the lake. As a result, a $100,000 system of migration tunnels was placed underground in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Western toad (Bufo boreas)</p><br>
<p>Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla)</p><br>
<p>Birds:</p><br>
<p>Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)</p><br>
<p>Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)</p><br>
<p>Great egret (Ardea alba)</p><br>
<p>The Varbola Stronghold  was the largest circular rampart fortress and trading centre built in Estonia, in Harju County  in the 10th &ndash; 12th centuries. Parts of the ruins of the 580 m long and 8 to 10 m high limestone wall of the fortress stand until this day. The long gateways with multiple gates were built to defend the entrances. In these sections higher defensive towers were erected. There was a 13 m deep well in the middle of the fortress and the territory held about 90 structures with furnaces for accommodation built with limestone floors and foundations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First mention</h3><br>
<p>Henry of Livonia mentions the Castrum Warbole being besieged in 1211 for several days by Mstislav the Bold of Novgorod. The conflict was resolved with a payment of seven hundred Marks.</p><br>
<h3>Danish rule</h3><br>
<p>During the Livonian crusade Livonian Brothers of the Sword invaded the territory and the people from Varbola asked for the terms of peace. The terms offered by Volquin, the Master of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were: accepting Christianity and giving hostages. The proposal was accepted by Varbolians. The hostages were freed at the request of the envoys of the Danish king Valdemar II who had taken control over Northern Estonia. They asked that the hostages be turned over to them, as part of Estonia already belonged to the king of Denmark since it was promised by the bishops of Livonia. Master Volquin, unaware of the promise, honored the king of Denmark and the request under condition that the rights of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword shall not be diminished thereby and returned the hostages to their fathers. Thereafter the people of Varbola became the subjects of the King of Denmark. On the basis of the Danish Census Book (Liber Census Daniae) the estate surrounding the Varbola trading center remained a possession of the Lode family, nobility of Estonian origin at the time. The Danish king and his son Knut owned parts of the Lohu stronghold area, and the entire Keava stronghold area in Harju County.</p><br>
<h3>Decline in 14th century</h3><br>
<p>The Varbola stronghold lost its importance only in the second quarter of the 14th century, after having played in important part in the anti-Christian and anti-German St. George&#39;s Night Uprising of 1343.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the stronghold was used as a cemetery. The first known fort plan dates from 1786 and was drawn by Ludwig August von Mellin. Archaeological excavations at the site have been undertaken in 1938–41, 1953 and 1974. Among the archaeological finds were dice made of bone.</p><br>
